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  • 案例研究结论:飞行风险

    lesson content

    Illustration of a blood clot in a deep vein in the leg, which is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
    ::表明腿部有血凝块, 叫做深血管血栓(DVT)。

    Case Study Conclusion: Flight Risk
    ::案例研究结论:飞行风险

    At the beginning of this chapter, you learned about Steve and Jim, who met while sitting next to each other on a plane. During the flight, Jim got up to take frequent walks, and was doing leg exercises to try to avoid the medical condition depicted above — deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg. It can be very dangerous — even deadly.
    ::在本章的开头,你了解到Steve和Jim的情况,他们在飞机上坐在一起时相遇。在飞行期间,Jim站起来经常散步,并正在做腿锻炼,试图避免上面描述的病症——深血管血栓症(DVT),当血块在深深的血管(通常是腿部)中出现时,DVT就会发生,它可能是非常危险的,甚至致命的。

    As you learned in this chapter, a blood clot is an aggregation of platelets and proteins. Blood clots are helpful for  preventing blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged. I n some situations, though, they can be extremely dangerous. B lood clots can cause heart attacks or strokes by blocking the flow of blood to the heart or brain, respectively.
    ::正如你们在本章中所学到的,血块是血小板和蛋白质的集合体。血块有助于防止血管受损时的血液流失。不过,在某些情况下,血块可能是极其危险的。血块可以分别通过阻塞血液进入心脏或大脑而导致心脏病发作或中风。

    When DVT occurs, one of the major risks is pulmonary embolism (PE). PE is when the blood clot breaks off, travels through the blood vessels, and lodges in a pulmonary artery, like the blood clot shown in the illustration . Recall what the pulmonary arteries do — they carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where the blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide due to gas exchange between the capillaries and the alveoli of the lungs. Imagine what would happen if this flow of blood to the lungs was partially or completely blocked by a blood clot. Depending on the size of the blood clot and where it is lodged, a PE can cause a variety of serious consequences, ranging from lung damage to instant death, because of the disruption of the pulmonary circulation.  
    ::当DVT发生时,最主要的风险之一是肺栓塞(PE)。 PE是指血液凝块断裂、血液穿透血管,并存放在肺动脉中,如插图中显示的血凝块。回顾肺动脉的作用,它们从心脏到肺部携带脱氧血液,血液从心脏到肺部吸收氧气并释放二氧化碳,因为呼吸室和肺肺泡之间的气体交换。想象如果血液流到肺部的部分或完全被血凝块堵塞,会发生什么情况。根据血凝块的大小和位置,一种肺动脉可以造成各种严重后果,从肺部损伤到瞬间死亡,因为肺循环中断。

    lesson content

    Illustration of how a moving blood clot can get stuck in a blood vessel. When this occurs in a pulmonary artery, it is called a pulmonary embolism (PE).
    ::说明动脉血凝块如何卡在血管中。当这种血凝块出现在肺动脉中时,它被称为肺栓塞(PE)。

    Jim has a higher risk of DVT and its consequences because he has heart failure. As you have learned, heart failure is a chronic condition in which the pumping action of the heart is impaired. One reason that heart failure is thought to increase the risk of DVT is because the blood is not being pushed strongly enough through the cardiovascular system, allowing blood clots to form more easily.
    ::Jim的DVT风险较高,其后果也较高,因为他有心脏病。正如你所知道的,心脏衰竭是心脏抽水功能受损的慢性病。心衰竭被认为增加了DVT风险的一个原因是,血液在心血管系统中的推力不够强,血液凝块更容易形成。

    Jim needs to be particularly concerned about DVT while on a long plane flight. Why do you think this is? Think about how blood flows through arteries and veins. Blood is pushed through arteries mainly due to the pumping action of the heart. Veins, on the other hand, rely on the movement of the surrounding skeletal muscles to help push blood through them. Sitting still for long periods of time in cramped quarters (such as on a plane) can cause blood to pool in the deep veins of the legs, leading to the formation of a blood clot.
    ::吉姆需要特别关心DVT在长空飞行期间的飞行情况。为什么你认为这是?想想血液是如何通过动脉和血管流动的。血液主要由于心脏的抽动作用而通过动脉推动。另一方面,维因依靠周围骨骼肌肉的移动来帮助推动血液的穿透。在拥挤的空旷地区(如飞机上)长时间停留,可以导致血液在腿的深处聚集,导致血块的形成。

    Even people who are generally healthy and don’t have heart disease can get DVT from sitting for too long on a long-distance flight, or in other situations when they are immobile for extended periods of time. Fortunately, walking periodically and doing some simple leg exercises can lower your risk of DVT by helping to push blood through your veins. If you are planning on taking a flight in the future, watch the short video below to learn some easy exercises that you can do right in your plane seat to help prevent DVT!
    ::即便是那些一般健康且没有心脏病的人,也能够让DVT在长途飞行中坐得太久,或者在他们长期行动不动时的其他情况下也能让DVT坐得太久。 幸运的是,定期行走和做一些简单的腿锻炼可以帮助将血流穿透你的血管来降低DVT的风险。 如果您计划在未来的飞行中飞行,请观看下面的短片,学习一些在飞机座椅上可以做的轻松练习,以帮助防止DVT!

    Chapter Summary
    ::章次摘要

    In this chapter you learned about the structure, functions, and disorders of the cardiovascular system. Specifically, you learned that:
    ::在本章中,你了解了心血管系统的结构、功能和障碍。具体来说,你学到了:

    • The cardiovascular system is the organ system that transports materials to and from all the cells of the body. The main components of the cardiovascular system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
      ::心血管系统是将材料从身体所有细胞运入和运出身体的所有细胞的器官系统,心血管系统的主要组成部分是心脏、血管和血液。
    • The cardiovascular system has two interconnected circulations. The pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and lungs, where blood is oxygenated. The systemic circulation carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body, where it delivers oxygen.
      ::心血管系统有两种相互关联的循环。肺循环在血液供氧的心脏和肺之间传播血液。系统循环在心脏和身体其他部分之间传播血液,在其中提供氧气。
    • The heart is a muscular organ in the chest that consists mainly of cardiac muscle. It pumps blood through blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions.
      ::心脏是胸部的肌肉器官,主要由心脏肌肉组成,通过反复的、有节奏的收缩通过血管抽血。
      • The wall of the heart consists of three layers. The middle layer, the myocardium, is the thickest layer, and consists mainly of cardiac muscle.
        ::心脏的壁由三层组成。中间层,心肌,是最厚的层,主要由心脏肌肉组成。
      • The interior of the heart consists of four chambers, with an upper atrium and lower ventricle on each side of the heart. Blood enters the heart through the atria, which pump it to the ventricles. Then, the ventricles pump blood out of the heart. Four valves in the heart keep blood flowing in the correct direction and prevent backflow.
        ::心脏的内部由四个室组成, 心脏的两侧都有上端的中庭和下端的心室。 血液通过阿提里亚进入心脏, 将心脏泵到心室。 然后, 心室抽出血。 心脏的四根阀门保持血液向正确方向流动, 防止回流 。
        • Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium through veins from the upper and lower body (superior and inferior vena cava, respectively), and oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium through four pulmonary veins from the lungs. Each atrium pumps the blood to the ventricle below it. From the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs through the two pulmonary arteries. From the left ventricle, oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body through the aorta.
          ::脱氧血液通过上部和下部的血管(上部和下部的雄性大肠杆菌)流进右中子中子,氧血液通过肺部的4个肺血管流进左中子中子,每个将血液泵到下部的通风室。从右心室,脱氧血液通过两道肺动脉抽入肺部。从左心室,氧血液通过动脉抽到身体其余部分。

        ::脱氧血液通过上部和下部的血管(上部和下部的雄性大肠杆菌)流进右中子中子,氧血液通过肺部的4个肺血管流进左中子中子,每个将血液泵到下部的通风室。从右心室,脱氧血液通过两道肺动脉抽入肺部。从左心室,氧血液通过动脉抽到身体其余部分。
      • The coronary circulation consists of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart muscle cells. There are two coronary arteries that supply the two sides of the heart with oxygenated blood. Cardiac veins drain deoxygenated blood back into the heart.
        ::冠状动脉循环由血管组成,从心脏肌肉细胞中流出血液,有两种冠状动脉为心脏两侧提供氧化血液,心血管将脱氧血液排入心脏。
      • The cardiac cycle refers to a single complete heartbeat. It includes diastole — when the atria contract — and systole, when the ventricles contract.
        ::心脏循环是指一个完全的心跳,包括直肠-当阿提里亚合同时的直肠-和直肠-直肠-直肠-直肠-直肠-直肠-直肠。
      • The normal, rhythmic beating of the heart is called sinus rhythm. It is established by the heart’s pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node. Electrical signals from the pacemaker cells travel to the atria and cause them to contract. Then, the signals travel to the atrioventricular node, and from there to the ventricles, causing them to contract. Electrical stimulation from the autonomic nervous system and hormones from the endocrine system can also influence heartbeat.
        ::心脏的正常、有节奏跳动被称为鼻弦节奏。它由心脏心脏起搏细胞在神经结节中建立。起搏细胞的电讯从心脏起搏细胞传到阿提雅,并导致它们收缩。然后,信号传到动脉结点,从那里传到心肺结点,导致它们收缩。来自自主神经系统以及内分泌系统的激素的电动刺激也可以影响心跳。

      ::心脏的壁由三层组成。 中间层, 心肌, 是最厚的层, 主要由心脏肌肉组成。 心脏的内部由四个室组成, 心脏的两侧都有上方和下方的心室; 血液通过腹部进入心脏, 将心脏抽到腹部。 然后, 腹部的血液抽出心脏。 心脏的4个阀门将血液流到正确的方向, 防止回流。 断氧的血液会通过上部和下部的血管( 上部和下部的心室) 进入右部。 心脏的内部由氧化的血液流到左侧的心室, 心血管的心血管的心室, 心血管的心血管的心血管, 心血管的心血管的心血管, 心血管的心血管的心部, 心血管的心血管的心血管, 心血管的心部, 心血管的心血管的心部, 心血管的心部, 心血管的心部, 心血管的心部, 心部的心部, 心血管的心部, 心血管的心部, 心部, 心部, 心部的心部的心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部的心部的心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 。, , , , ,心部, 循环, , , , , , , , ,心部, 心部, 心部, , , 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 心部, 。,心部,心部, 心部,心部, 心部, 心部, , 心部,心部, ,心部,心部,
    • Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body. Major types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries.
      ::主要类型的血管是动脉、血管和血管。
      • Arteries are blood vessels that usually carry blood away from the heart (except for coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood). Most arteries carry oxygenated blood. The largest artery is the aorta, which is connected to the heart and extends into the abdomen. Blood moves through arteries due to pressure from the beating of the heart.
        ::动脉通常是从心脏取出血液的血管(冠动脉除外,冠动脉为心脏肌肉提供血液),动脉大多含有氧化血液,最大的动脉是动脉,它与心脏相连,延伸到腹部,血液通过动脉流动,因为心脏跳动的压力。
      • Veins are blood vessels that usually carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood. The largest veins are the superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood moves through veins by the squeezing action of surrounding skeletal muscles. Valves in veins prevent backflow of blood.
        ::血管是血管,通常将血液带入心脏。大多数血管含有脱氧血液。最大的血管是优等和低等的葡萄树。血液通过骨骼肌肉周围的挤压作用流过血管。血管中的阀门防止血液回流。
      • Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. They connect arterioles and venules. They form capillary beds where substances are exchanged between the blood and surrounding tissues.
        ::Capillary是最小的血管,它们连接动脉和输卵管,形成毛虫床,血液和周围组织之间交换物质。
      • The walls of arteries and veins have three layers. The middle layer is thickest in arteries, in which it contains smooth muscle tissue that controls the diameter of the vessels. The outer layer is thickest in veins and consists mainly of connective tissue. The walls of capillaries consist of little more than a single layer of epithelial cells.
        ::动脉和静脉的墙壁有三层,中间层是动脉中最厚的,其中含有控制容器直径的光滑肌肉组织,外层是血管中最厚的,主要由连接组织组成,外层只有一层以上的上皮细胞。
      • Blood pressure is a measure of the force that blood exerts on the walls of arteries. It is expressed as a double number, with the higher number representing systolic pressure when the ventricles contract, and the lower number representing diastolic pressure when the ventricles relax. Normal blood pressure is generally defined as a pressure of 120/80 mm Hg or less.
        ::血压是血液对动脉壁所施加的强度的量度,表示为双倍数,在心室收缩时,血压是双倍数,数字较高代表静态压力,而在心室松动时,血压是非静态压力,正常血压一般定义为120/80毫米或更少的汞压力。
      • Vasoconstriction (narrowing) and vasodilation (widening) of arteries can occur to help regulate blood pressure or body temperature or to change blood flow as part of the fight-or-flight response.
        ::动脉的血管收缩(收缩)和血管膨胀(膨胀)可帮助调节血压或体温,或改变血液流,作为战斗或飞行反应的一部分。

      ::血管是血管,通常将血液从心脏移走(冠动脉除外,冠动脉为心脏肌肉提供血液)。大多数动脉携带氧化血液。最大的动脉是动脉,与心脏相连,并延伸到腹部。血液通过动脉运动,因为心脏受压;血管是血管血管,通常将血液带入心脏;血管的血管血管通常携带脱氧血液。血管的最大静脉是高和低等的血管;血液通过血管的静脉流动,通过骨骼肌周围的挤压运动,血液的正常动脉防止血液的回流。血管的变压是最小的血管血管血管血管。血液和血管的动脉在血液和周围组织之间发生交替,血管和血管的血管的壁壁是三层。动脉最厚的血管结构是控制容器直径的两层结构。外层是厚的血管,而血液的内压是厚的血管,主要是血液的伸缩压,而血压的血管的壁上是一小层,是血压的缩。
    • Blood is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body in blood vessels. Blood supplies tissues with oxygen and nutrients, and removes their metabolic wastes. Blood helps defend the body from pathogens and other threats, transports hormones and other substances, and helps to keep the body’s pH and temperature in homeostasis. Blood consists of a liquid part (called plasma) and cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
      ::血液是一种流体连接组织,血液在血液中循环。 血液提供含氧和养分的组织,并清除其代谢废物。 血液有助于保护身体免受病原体和其他威胁、转移荷尔蒙和其他物质,并有助于保持身体的pH值和恒温。 血液由液分(所谓的血浆 ) 和细胞组成,包括红血细胞、白血细胞和小板。
      • Plasma makes up more than half of blood by volume. It consists of water and many dissolved substances. It also contains blood cells.
        ::血浆按体积计算占血液的一半以上,包括水和许多溶解物质,还包括血细胞。
      • Red blood cells are the most numerous cells in blood. They consist mostly of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. Red blood cells also carry antigens that determine blood types.
        ::红血细胞是血液中数量最多的细胞,大部分是携带氧气的血红蛋白,还含有确定血型的抗原。
      • White blood cells are less numerous than red blood cells and are part of the body’s immune system. They protect the body from abnormal cells, microorganisms, and other harmful substances. There are several different types of white blood cells that differ in their specific immune functions.
        ::白血细胞比红血细胞少很多,并且是人体免疫系统的一部分。 它们保护身体免受异常细胞、微生物和其他有害物质的伤害。 白血细胞有几种不同种类的白血细胞,它们的具体免疫功能不同。
      • Platelets are cell fragments that play important roles in blood clotting, or coagulation. They stick together at breaks in blood vessels to form a clot and stimulate the production of fibrin, which strengthens the clot.
        ::切片是细胞碎片,在凝血或凝凝过程中起着重要作用。 它们会在血管破裂时凝聚在一起,形成凝血块,刺激纤维素的产生,从而强化凝血块。
      • All blood cells form by proliferation of stem cells in red bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis. When blood cells die, they are phagocytized by white blood cells and removed from the circulation.
        ::红骨髓干细胞在一种称为血解蛋白的过程中扩散而形成的所有血细胞,如果血细胞死亡,就会被白血细胞截裂,从循环中分离出来。
      • Disorders of the blood include leukemia, which is cancer of the bone-forming cells; hemophilia, which is any of several genetic blood-clotting disorders; carbon monoxide poisoning, which prevents red blood cells from binding with oxygen and causes suffocation; HIV infection, which destroys certain white blood cells and can cause AIDS; and anemia, in which there are not enough red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to body tissues.
        ::血液的紊乱包括:白血病,这是骨形细胞的癌症;血友病,是几种遗传性血细胞分布障碍中的任何一种;一氧化碳中毒,防止红细胞与氧气结合并造成窒息;艾滋病毒感染,它摧毁了某些白血细胞并可能导致艾滋病;贫血,其中红血细胞没有足够的氧气携带到人体组织中。

      ::血浆由水和许多溶解物质组成。 血细胞是血液中数量最多的细胞。 红血细胞是血液中最常见的细胞。 红血细胞大部分是携带氧气的血红蛋白。 红血细胞也含有确定血型的抗原。 白血细胞数量少于红血细胞,是人体免疫系统的一部分。 它们保护身体不受异常细胞、微生物和其他有害物质的影响。 它有几种不同的白血细胞类型,它们的具体免疫功能不同。 血细胞是细胞碎片,在血液凝聚或凝固方面起着重要作用。 它们聚集在血管中,形成凝块,刺激纤维素的产生,从而强化血浆。 所有血细胞都是通过红骨髓中红细胞扩散而形成的。 当血细胞死亡时, 它们会受到白血细胞的发酵,并且从血液细胞中分离出来。 血细胞的分裂包括血清,这是骨细胞的癌,不是血清的细胞,而血液的传播也是血液中的血液,因此,血液会破坏。
    • Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the cardiovascular system. Worldwide, it is the leading cause of death. Most cases occur in people over age 60, and onset typically occurs about a decade earlier in males than in females. Other risk factors include smoking, obesity, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, and lack of exercise.
      ::心血管疾病是涉及心血管系统的一种疾病类别,在全世界,它是死亡的主要原因,大多数病例发生在60岁以上的人中,男性的发病通常比女性早大约10年,其他风险因素包括吸烟、肥胖、糖尿病、高血胆固醇和缺乏锻炼。
      • Two common conditions that lead to most cases of cardiovascular disease are hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hypertension is blood pressure that is persistently at or above 140/90 mm Hg. Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fatty, fibrous plaques in arteries that may reduce or block blood flow. Treating these conditions is important for preventing cardiovascular disease.
        ::导致大多数心血管疾病发病的两个常见情况是高血压和无缝硬化,高血压是持续在140/90毫米汞或超过140/90毫米汞的血压,甲状腺硬化是动脉中脂肪和纤维性斑块的积聚,可能会减少或堵塞血液流动,治疗这些条件对于预防心血管疾病十分重要。
      • Coronary artery disease is a group of diseases that result from atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. Two of the most common are angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack). In angina, cardiac cells receive inadequate oxygen, which causes chest pain. In a heart attack, cardiac cells die because blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. A heart attack may cause death, or lead to heart arrhythmias, heart failure, or cardiac arrest.
        ::冠状动脉疾病是冠状动脉动脉动脉动脉动脉动脉硬化导致的一组疾病,其中最常见的有两个是心血管和心肌梗塞(心脏病发作);在心血管中,心细胞获得的氧气不足,导致胸部疼痛;在心脏病发作中,心脏细胞死亡,因为血液流到心脏部分心脏被堵塞;心脏病发作可能导致死亡,或导致心律不全、心衰竭或心脏停跳。
      • Stroke occurs when blocked or broken arteries in the brain result in the death of brain cells. This may happen  when an artery is blocked by a clot or plaque, or when an artery ruptures and bleeds in the brain. In both cases, part of the brain is damaged, and functions such as speech and controlled movements may be impaired, either temporarily or permanently.
        ::当脑部断裂或断裂的动脉导致脑细胞死亡时,就会发生冲刺。 当动脉被凝块或斑块堵塞时,或者当动脉破裂和脑出血时,就会发生冲刺。 在这两种情况下,脑部部分受损,语言和受控运动等功能可能暂时或永久受损。
      • Peripheral artery disease occurs when atherosclerosis narrows peripheral arteries, usually in the legs, often causing pain when walking. It is important to diagnose this disease so the underlying atherosclerosis can be treated before it causes a heart attack or stroke. 
        ::外阴动脉疾病发生时,动脉硬化缩小了周边动脉,通常是腿部动脉,通常在走路时往往造成疼痛。 重要的是要诊断这种疾病,这样在引发心脏病发作或中风之前,就可以治疗潜在的动脉硬化症。

      ::导致大多数心血管疾病病例的两种常见情况是高血压和止血硬化。高血压是血压,持续在140/90毫米/90毫米汞含量上或高于140/90毫米汞。心肺硬化是动脉中脂肪、纤维化的斑块的积聚,可能会减少或阻止血液流动。治疗这些疾病对于预防心血管疾病很重要。冠状动脉疾病是脑动脉动脉动脉动脉动导致脑动脉动导致脑细胞死亡的一组疾病。两种最常见的情况是动脉硬化和心肌梗塞(心脏攻击),在心血管中,心脏细胞获得的缺氧,导致胸部疼痛。在心脏病发作中,心脏细胞因血液流入心脏部分被阻塞而死亡,或导致心血管不适。当脑血管动脉动脉动脉动脉动导致脑细胞死亡时,可能发生动脉动脉动,或者当动脉动脉动脉动脉动导致脑部疼痛或心动脉动脉动脉动,导致脑部的心部疼痛破裂或心部疼痛部疼痛部疼痛损伤时,导致脑部疼痛或脑部的心部的心部疼痛运动。在脑部中,心脏部的心部中发生这种病中会暂时损伤或心部会发生疼痛损伤或心部会发生。

    In this chapter, you learned that the cardiovascular system carries nutrients to the cells of the body. Read the next chapter about the Digestive System to learn about how your body transforms your meals into the nutrients that cells need to function.
    ::在本章中, 您学会了心血管系统 将营养元素带入身体细胞。 读下一章有关“ 消化系统” 的内容, 了解身体如何将饮食转化为细胞需要起作用的营养元素。

    Chapter Summary Review Questions
    ::" 简要审议 " 章次 问 题

    1. Alex goes to the doctor and learns that his blood pressure is 135/90 mm Hg. Answer the following questions about his blood pressure:
    ::1. Alex去看医生,得知他的血压为135/90毫米汞。

    a. Is this a normal blood pressure? Why or why not?
    ::a. 这是正常的血压吗?

    b. Which number refers to the systolic pressure? Which number refers to the diastolic pressure?
    ::b. 哪个数字指收缩压?哪个数字指收缩压?哪个数字指收缩压?

    c. Describe what the atria and ventricles of Alex’s heart are doing when the pressure is at 135 mm Hg.
    ::c. 描述当压力为135毫米汞时Alex心脏的腹部和心室正在做什么。

    d. Alex’s doctor would like him to lower his blood pressure. Why do you think he would like Alex to do this, and what are some ways in which he may be able to lower his blood pressure?
    ::亚历克斯的医生希望他降低血压。 你认为他为什么希望亚历克斯这样做,以及他能够降低血压的方法是什么?

    2. What are three functions of the cardiovascular system?
    ::2. 心血管系统的三种功能是什么?

    3. What is the watery part of blood called?
    ::3. 血液中含水的部分叫什么?

    4. Which are the chambers of the heart that receive blood?  Which are the chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart?
    ::4. 接受血液的心室是哪些?从心脏抽出血的心室是哪些?

    5. Which chambers of the heart contain deoxygenated blood?
    ::5. 心脏的哪个细胞含有脱氧血液?

    a. right and left atria
    ::a. 左右阿提里亚

    b. right and left ventricles
    ::b. 右和左心室

    c. right atrium and right ventricle
    ::c. 右中子和右心室

    d. left atrium and left ventricle
    ::d. 左中子和左心室

    6. Name  two different places in the cardiovascular system where valves are located. 
    ::6. 列出心血管系统中两个不同地点的阀门位置。

    7. Valves prevent blood from flowing backward in the cardiovascular system. Why do you think this is important?
    ::7. 阀门防止血液在心血管系统中向后流,你为什么认为这很重要?

    8. Explain how pacemaker cells in the heart work together with the nervous system to regulate the beating of the heart.
    ::8. 解释心脏心脏起搏细胞如何与神经系统合作调节心脏跳动。

    9. True or False:  Red marrow is the source of white blood cells.
    ::9. 真实或假:红骨是白血细胞的来源。

    10. True or False:  Plaques that build up in arteries are made completely of fats.
    ::10. 真实或假:在动脉中积聚的遗迹完全由脂肪组成。

    11. The aorta is:
    ::11. 动脉是:

    a. an artery
    ::a. 动脉

    b. a chamber of the heart
    ::b. 心脏室

    c. a vein
    ::c. 静脉

    d. a valve
    ::d. 阀门

    12. Compare the coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries, and arteries elsewhere in the body in terms of their target tissues (i.e. where they bring blood to) and whether they are carrying oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.
    ::12. 将身体其他地方的冠动脉、肺动脉和动脉按其目标组织(即他们将血液带到哪里)和是否携带氧化或脱氧化的血液进行比较。

    13. The superior vena cava empties into the __________ of the heart. The inferior vena cava empties into the __________ of the heart.
    ::13. 上等女神跳进心脏,下等女神跳进心脏。

    a. right atrium; left atrium
    ::a. 右;左

    b. right atrium; right atrium
    ::b. 右;右

    c. right atrium; right ventricle
    ::c. 右;右心室

    d. right ventricle; left ventricle
    ::d. 右心室;左心室

    14. Venules receive blood from ______________ .
    ::14. 血细胞从____________________ 获得血液。

    15. D ue to a reduction in the amount of oxygen that gets to the cells of the body, a nemia causes weakness and fatigue. Explain how oxygen is transported to the cells of the body, and which blood cells are affected in anemia.
    ::15. 由于进入身体细胞的氧气量减少,贫血导致虚弱和疲劳,解释氧气如何运到身体细胞,哪些血细胞受贫血影响。

    16. What are the two conditions that are precursors to virtually all cases of cardiovascular disease?
    ::16. 几乎所有心血管疾病病例的先兆是两种什么条件?

    17. What is another name for a heart attack?
    ::17. 心脏病发作的另一个名字是什么?

    a. heart arrhythmia
    ::a. 心律

    b. myocardial infarction
    ::b. 心肌梗塞

    c. angina
    ::c. 心血管炎

    d. heart failure
    ::d. 心脏病

    18. True or False:  Strokes can be caused by a blood clot or a broken artery.
    ::18. 真实或假:血凝块或动脉断裂可造成支流。

    19. True or False:  After an injury to a blood vessel, platelets respond by losing their nuclei.
    ::19. 真实或假的:在血管受伤后,小板块会因失去核心而反应。

    20. What are the main differences between the coronary circulation, pulmonary circulation, and systemic circulation?
    ::20. 冠状循环、肺循环和系统性循环的主要区别是什么?

    21. Define sinus rhythm.
    ::21. 界定鼻梁节奏。

    22. Generally speaking, which is a more serious and immediately life-threatening condition: heart failure or cardiac arrest? Explain your answer.
    ::22. 一般说来,这是一个更严重和直接危及生命的状况:心脏病或心跳停止?解释你的答复。

    23. Match each of the following descriptions to the disease or disorder from the list below that best matches it. Use each disease or disorder only once.
    ::23. 将以下所列疾病或疾病与最符合以下所列疾病的疾病或病症分别匹配,每种疾病或病症只使用一次。

    Diseases and disorders: hypertension; atherosclerosis; coronary artery disease; peripheral artery disease
    ::疾病和疾病:高血压;天花板硬化;冠状动脉疾病;外围动脉疾病

    a. Blood flow to the muscle cells of the heart is impaired.
    ::a. 进入心脏肌肉细胞的血液流动受损。

    b. Blood pressure is too high.
    ::b. 血压过高。

    c. Arteries in the legs specifically become more narrow.
    ::c. 腿部动脉具体变得更窄。

    d. Plaque builds up in arteries (in general).
    ::d. 在动脉(一般而言)中积聚白板。