17.7 胃肠道肠道疾病
Section outline
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Crohn’s Rash
::克罗恩的拉拉If you had a skin rash like the one shown in this photo, you probably wouldn’t assume that it was caused by a disease. However, that’s exactly why the individual in the picture has a rash. He has a gastrointestinal (GI) tract disorder called Crohn’s disease. This disease is one of a group of GI tract disorders that are known collectively as inflammatory bowel disease. Unlike other inflammatory bowel diseases, signs and symptoms of Crohn’s disease may not be confined to the GI tract.
::如果你的皮肤皮疹像这张照片所显示的一样,你可能不会认为它是由疾病造成的。然而,这正是照片中个人之所以有皮疹的原因。他患有胃肠道紊乱,叫做克罗恩的疾病。 这一疾病是GI病的一组疾病之一,统称为炎性肠道疾病。 与其他炎性肠道疾病不同,克罗恩疾病的迹象和症状可能不仅限于基尼病。Inflammatory Bowel Disease
::炎炎性下弓疾病Inflammatory bowel disease is a collection of inflammatory conditions primarily affecting the intestines. The two principal inflammatory bowel diseases are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Unlike Crohn’s disease — which may affect any part of the GI tract and the , as well as the skin — ulcerative colitis mainly affects just the colon and rectum . Both diseases occur when the body’s own immune system attacks the digestive system. Both diseases typically first appear in the late teens or early twenties, and occur equally in males and females.
::炎性肠胃疾病是一系列主要影响肠胃的炎症。 两种主要的炎性肠病是克罗恩的疾病和溃烂性脊髓炎。 与克罗恩的疾病不同,克罗恩的疾病 — — 它可能影响到GI和皮肤的任何部分 — — 发炎性脊髓炎主要只影响结肠和直肠。 这两种疾病都发生在人体免疫系统攻击消化系统时。 这两种疾病通常首先出现在十几岁或二十年代初,同样发生在男性和女性身上。Crohn’s Disease
::克罗恩疾病Crohn’s disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus, among other body tissues . The most commonly affected region is the ileum , which is the final part of the . Signs and symptoms of Crohn’s disease typically include abdominal pain, diarrhea (with or without blood), fever, and weight loss. Malnutrition because of faulty absorption of nutrients may also occur. Potential complications of Crohn’s disease include obstructions and abscesses of the bowel. People with Crohn’s disease are also at slightly greater risk than the general of developing bowel . Although there is a slight reduction in life expectancy in people with Crohn’s disease, if the disease is well managed, affected people (such as the 34th president of the United States, pictured ) can live full and productive lives.
::克罗恩的疾病是一种炎症性肠道疾病,它可能影响GI从口到肛门的任何部分,以及其他人体组织。 最经常受影响的地区是伊莱姆,这是这个疾病的最后部分。 克罗恩疾病的征兆和症状通常包括腹部疼痛、腹泻(有或没有血液)、发烧和体重下降。 因营养物吸收不当造成的营养不良也可能发生。 克罗恩疾病的潜在并发症包括肠道的阻塞和裂缝。 克罗恩病患者的风险也略高于发展肠道的一般风险。 尽管克罗恩病患者的预期寿命略有下降,但如果疾病得到妥善管理,受影响的人(如美国第34任总统,图象)可以过上充实和富有成效的生活。Dwight D. Eisenhower, a five-star general and the 34th president of the United States, had Crohn’s disease and required surgery to remove an intestinal blockage caused by the disease.
::一位五星级将军、第34任美国总统艾森豪威尔(Eisenhouer)得了克罗恩病,需要手术来消除这一疾病造成的肠道堵塞。Crohn’s disease is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that lead to impairment of the generalized immune response (called innate immunity). The chronic inflammation of Crohn’s disease is thought to be the result of the immune system “trying” to compensate for the impairment. Dozens of genes are likely to be involved, only a few of which have been identified. Because of the genetic component, close relatives such as siblings of people with Crohn’s disease are many times more likely to develop the disease than people in the general population. Environmental factors that appear to increase the risk of the disease include smoking tobacco and eating a diet high in . Crohn’s disease is typically diagnosed on the basis of a colonoscopy, which provides a direct visual examination of the inside of the colon and the ileum of the small intestine.
::Crohn的疾病是由导致普遍免疫反应(所谓的先天免疫)受损的遗传和环境因素综合因素造成的,Crohn的慢性炎被认为是免疫系统“尝试”弥补损伤的结果。 可能涉及数十个基因,其中只有一小部分已经确定。 由于遗传因素,Crohn病患者的兄弟姐妹等近亲比普通人口中的人更有可能发展出这种疾病。 似乎增加这种疾病风险的环境因素包括吸烟和吃高浓度的饮食。 Crohn的疾病通常根据结肠镜诊断,对肠内和小肠内脏进行直观检查。People with Crohn’s disease typically experience recurring periods of flare-ups followed by remission. There are no medications or surgical procedures that can cure Crohn’s disease, although medications such as anti-inflammatory or immune-suppressing drugs may alleviate symptoms during flare-ups and help maintain remission. Lifestyle changes, such as dietary modifications and smoking cessation, may also help control symptoms and reduce the likelihood of flare-ups. Surgery may be needed to resolve bowel obstructions, abscesses, or other complications of the disease.
::克罗恩病患者通常会经历反复爆发的发炎期,然后得到缓解。 没有任何药物或外科手术可以治愈克罗恩病,尽管抗炎或免疫抑制药物等药物可以缓解发炎期间的症状并有助于保持缓解。 诸如饮食改变和戒烟等生活方式变化也有助于控制症状和降低发炎的可能性。 可能需要外科手术来解决肠道阻塞、腹腔溃烂或其他疾病并发症。Ulcerative Colitis
::上阴顶部Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in the colon and rectum. Unlike Crohn’s disease, other parts of the GI tract are rarely affected in ulcerative colitis. The primary symptoms of the disease are lower abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. Weight loss, fever, and anemia may also be present. Symptoms typically occur intermittently with periods of no symptoms between flare-ups. People with ulcerative colitis have a considerably increased risk of colon cancer and should be screened for colon cancer more frequently than the general population. U lcerative colitis, however, seems to primarily reduce the quality of life, and not the lifespan.
::加速性脊髓炎是一种炎症,在结肠和直肠中引起炎症和溃疡。 与克罗恩的疾病不同,GI片的其他部分很少受到肺炎的影响。 该疾病的主要症状是低腹部疼痛和血腥腹泻。 体重丧失、发烧和贫血也可能存在。 症状通常会间歇发生,在爆发爆发之间没有症状。 结膜炎患者患结肠癌的风险大为增加,应比普通人更经常地筛查结肠癌。 然而,超性脊髓炎似乎主要降低了生活质量,而不是寿命。The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is not known. Theories about its cause involve immune system dysfunction, genetics , changes in normal gut , and lifestyle factors, such as a diet high in animal protein and the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Genetic involvement is suspected in part because ulcerative colitis tens to “run” in families. It is likely that multiple genes are involved. Diagnosis is typically made on the basis of colonoscopy and tissue biopsies.
::有关其原因的理论涉及免疫系统机能失调、遗传学、正常肠胃变化和生活方式因素,如动物蛋白含量高的饮食和酒精饮料的消费等; 怀疑基因参与,部分原因是在家庭内出现高温结膜炎十至“运行”的症状; 可能涉及多种基因; 诊断通常以结肠镜和组织生物素为基础。Lifestyle changes, such as reducing the consumption of animal protein and alcohol, may improve symptoms of ulcerative colitis. A number of medications are also available to treat symptoms and help prolong remission. These include anti-inflammatory drugs and drugs that suppress the immune system. In cases of severe disease, removal of the colon and rectum may be required and can cure the disease.
::生活方式的改变,如减少动物蛋白和酒精的消费,可能会改善溃疡性脊髓炎的症状,还提供一些药物治疗症状和帮助延长消毒时间,包括抗炎药物和抑制免疫系统的药物,在严重疾病的情况下,可能需要摘除结肠和直肠,并能治愈这一疾病。Diverticulitis
::脊椎炎Diverticulitis is a digestive disease in which tiny pouches in the wall of the become infected and inflamed. Symptoms typically include lower abdominal pain of sudden onset. There may also be fever, nausea, diarrhea or constipation, and in the stool. Having large intestine pouches called diverticula (see figure ) that are not inflamed is called diverticulosis. Diverticulosis is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and is more common in people who are obese. Infection and inflammation of the pouches (diverticulitis) occurs in about ten to 25 percent of people with diverticulosis, and is more common at older ages. The infection is generally caused by bacteria.
::脊髓炎是一种消化疾病,在这种疾病中,在感染和发炎的墙壁上的小袋中,小袋被感染和发炎,症状通常包括低腹部突然发作疼痛,也可能发烧、恶心、腹泻、腹泻或便秘,在凳子里也存在。大型肠袋中,称为转移性囊(见图),不发炎,称为转移性囊(见图),被认为是遗传和环境因素综合作用造成的,在肥胖者中更为常见。 口袋(脊髓灰质炎)的感染和炎症在大约10%至25%的患有转移性肺病的人中发生,在年长者中更为常见。这种感染一般是细菌造成的。This images show multiple pouches called diverticula in the wall of the large intestine.
::这个图象显示在大肠壁的墙壁上 有许多被称作分流器的邮袋。Diverticulitis can usually be diagnosed with a CT scan. Mild diverticulitis may be treated with oral antibiotics and a short-term liquid diet. For severe cases, intravenous antibiotics, hospitalization, and complete bowel rest (no nourishment via the mouth) may be recommended. Complications such as abscess formation or perforation of the colon require surgery.
::脊髓灰质炎通常可以被诊断为CT扫描,可以使用口服抗生素和短期液体饮食治疗,对于严重病例,可以建议采用静脉抗生素、住院治疗和完全肠道休息(口腔不滋养),肠结肠的排泄形成或穿孔等并发症需要手术。Peptic Ulcer
::肠胃溃疡A peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). If the ulcer occurs in the stomach, it is called a gastric ulcer. If it occurs in the duodenum, it is called a duodenal ulcer. The most common symptoms of peptic ulcers are upper abdominal pain that often occurs in the night and improves with eating. Other symptoms may include belching, vomiting, weight loss, and poor appetite. M any people with peptic ulcers, particularly older people, have no symptoms. Peptic ulcers are relatively common, with about ten percent of people developing a peptic ulcer at some point in their life.
::胃部或双肠(小肠肠的第一部分)的内衬是胃溃疡,如果胃部出现溃疡,则称为胃溃疡。如果在腹部出现胃溃疡,则称为胃溃疡。如果发生于双膜溃疡,则称为二元溃疡。最常见的胃溃疡症状是夜间经常发生的上腹部疼痛,随着饮食的改善而改善。其他症状可能包括鼻涕、呕吐、体重减退和食欲差。许多患有胃溃疡的人,特别是老年人,没有症状。胃溃疡相对常见,大约10%的人在其生命的某个时刻会形成胃溃疡。The most common cause of peptic ulcers is infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori , which may be transmitted by food , contaminated , or human saliva (for example, by kissing or sharing eating utensils). Surprisingly, the bacterial cause of peptic ulcers was not discovered until the 1980s. The scientists who made the discovery are Australians Robin Warren and Barry J. Marshall (pictured ). Although the two scientists eventually won a for their discovery, their hypothesis was poorly received at first. To demonstrate the validity of their discovery, Marshall used himself in an . He drank a culture of bacteria from a peptic ulcer patient and developed symptoms of peptic ulcer in a matter of days. His symptoms resolved on their own within a couple of weeks, but, at his wife's urging, he took antibiotics to kill any remaining bacteria. Marshall’s self-experiment was published in the Australian Medical Journal, and is among the most cited articles ever published in the journal.
::胃溃疡的最常见原因就是感染了细菌Helicobacter pylori, 可能通过食物、被污染或人类唾液(比如通过亲吻或分享食用用具)传播。 令人惊讶的是,肺溃疡的细菌原因直到20世纪80年代才被发现。 作出发现的科学家是澳大利亚人Robin Warren和Barry J.Marshall(照片)。 虽然这两位科学家最终因其发现而赢得了胜利,但他们的假设最初却得不到很好的接受。 为了证明发现的有效性,Marshall利用了自己。 他从一个胃溃疡病人那里喝了一种细菌文化,并在几天内发展出胃溃疡的症状。 他自己的症状在几周内就自行解决了,但是,在他妻子的敦促下,他用抗生素杀死了剩余的细菌。 Marshall的自我探索在《澳大利亚医学杂志》上发表,并且是该杂志上最引人注意的文章之一。Barry J. Marshall is one of two Australian scientists who discovered that Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcers.
::巴里·J·马歇尔是两名澳大利亚科学家之一,他们发现,甲状腺素引发了胃溃疡。Another relatively common cause of peptic ulcers is chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Additional contributing factors may include tobacco smoking and stress, although these factors have not been demonstrated conclusively to cause peptic ulcers independent of H. pylori infection. Contrary to popular belief, diet does not appear to play a role in either causing or preventing peptic ulcers. Eating spicy foods and drinking coffee and alcohol were once thought to cause peptic ulcers. These lifestyle choices are no longer thought to have much (if any) of an effect on the of peptic ulcers.
::胃溃疡的另一个相对常见的原因就是长期使用非类固醇抗炎药物,如阿司匹林或异丙霉素,其他促成因素可能包括吸烟和压力,尽管这些因素没有被确凿地证明可造成与H. 丙洛里感染无关的胃溃疡,与流行的信仰相反,饮食似乎在造成或防止胃溃疡方面没有作用,吃辣椒食品以及喝咖啡和酒精曾经被认为是造成胃溃疡的因素,这些生活方式选择已不再被认为对胃溃疡有太大影响(如果有的话)。Peptic ulcers are typically diagnosed on the basis of symptoms or the presence of H. pylori in the GI tract. However, endoscopy (shown ), which allows direct visualization of the stomach and duodenum with a camera, may be required for a definitive diagnosis. Peptic ulcers are usually treated with antibiotics to kill H. pylori , along with medications to temporarily decrease stomach acid and aid in healing. Unfortunately, H. pylori has developed resistance to commonly used antibiotics, so treatment is not always effective. If a peptic ulcer has penetrated so deep into the tissues that it causes a perforation of the wall of the stomach or duodenum, then emergency surgery is needed to repair the damage.
::胃溃疡通常根据症状或H. ylori在GI大片中的存在而诊断,但是,为了进行确诊,可能需要进行内镜检查(显微镜),通过照相机直接直视胃部和双腺部,对胃溃疡进行抗生素治疗,以杀死H. pylori,以及暂时减少胃酸和帮助愈合的药物。不幸的是,H. Pylori对常用抗生素有抗药性,因此治疗并不总是有效。如果胃溃疡深入到组织深处,导致胃壁或双腺部穿透,那么需要紧急手术来修复损伤。A doctor inserts a tiny camera through a tube (called an endoscope) to examine a patient’s upper GI tract for peptic ulcers. He views the image created by the camera on a screen above the patient’s head.
::医生通过一个管子(称为内窥镜)插入一个小相机,检查病人的上GI道胃溃疡。 他查看了在病人头部上方的屏幕上由相机生成的图像。Gastroenteritis
::胃肠炎Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea, is an acute and usually self-limiting infection of the GI tract by . Symptoms typically include some combination of diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Fever, lack of energy , and dehydration may also occur. The illness generally lasts less than two weeks, even without treatment, but in young children it is potentially deadly. Gastroenteritis is very common, especially in poorer nations. Worldwide, up to five billion cases occur each year, resulting in about 1.4 million deaths. In the United States, infectious diarrhea is the second most common type of infection, after the common cold.
::胃肠炎,又称传染性腹泻,是一种急性的、通常自我限制的GI感染。症状通常包括腹泻、呕吐和腹部疼痛的某种结合。发烧、缺乏能量和脱水也可能发生。这种疾病一般持续不到两周,即使没有治疗,但对于幼儿来说也是致命的。胃肠炎非常常见,特别是在较贫穷的国家。全世界每年有多达50亿病例,导致140万人死亡。 在美国,传染性腹泻是继普通寒风之后的第二常见感染类型。Commonly called “stomach flu,” gastroenteritis is unrelated to the influenza , although viruses are the most common cause of the disease (see figure ). In children, rotavirus is most often the cause, whereas norovirus is more likely to be the cause in adults. Besides viruses, other potential causes of gastroenteritis include , (including Giardia lamblia, described below), and bacteria (most often Escherichia coli or Campylobacter jejuni). Transmission of pathogens may occur due to eating improperly prepared foods or foods left to stand at room temperature, drinking contaminated water, or having close contact with an infected individual.
::尽管病毒是最常见的疾病原因(见图 ) , 但胃肠炎与流感无关。 在儿童中,轮状病毒往往是最常见的病因,而诺罗病毒则更可能是成年人的病因。 除了病毒之外,胃肠炎的其他潜在原因包括(包括下文描述的Giardia lamblia)和细菌(最常见的是Esherichia coli或Campylobacter Jejuni ) , 病原体的传播可能是由于食用不适当准备的食物或食物以维持室内温度、饮用受污染的水或与感染者接触密切而导致的。These micrographs show four types of viruses that commonly cause gastroenteritis in humans: A. rotavirus, B. adenovirus, C. norovirus, and D. astrovirus.
::这些显微图显示四类病毒通常导致人类的胃肠炎:A. 轮状病毒、B. 肾病病毒、C. 诺诺病毒和D. 天体病毒。Gastroenteritis is less common in adults than children, partly because adults have acquired after repeated exposure to the most common infectious agents. Adults also tend to have better hygiene than children. If children have frequent repeated incidents of gastroenteritis, they may suffer from malnutrition, stunted growth, and developmental delays. Many cases of gastroenteritis in children can be avoided by giving them a rotavirus vaccine . Frequent and thorough handwashing can cut down on infections caused by other pathogens.
::在成人中,肠胃炎不如儿童常见,部分原因是成年人在反复接触最常见传染病后获得的胃肠炎,成年人的卫生状况也比儿童好,如果儿童经常反复发生胃肠炎,他们可能营养不良、发育发育迟缓和发育迟缓,许多儿童胃肠炎病例可以通过给儿童提供轮状病毒疫苗来避免,经常和彻底洗手可以减少其他病原体造成的感染。Treatment of gastroenteritis generally involves increasing fluid intake to replace fluids lost in vomiting or diarrhea. Oral rehydration solution, which is a combination of water, salts, and sugar, is often recommended. In severe cases, intravenous fluids may be needed. Antibiotics are not usually prescribed, because they are ineffective against viruses that cause most cases of gastroenteritis.
::胃肠炎的治疗通常涉及增加液体摄入,以取代呕吐或腹泻中流失的液体,经常建议口服补液溶液,这是一种水、盐和糖的混合体,在严重的情况下可能需要静脉注射液,抗生素通常没有处方,因为它们对造成大部分胃肠炎的病毒无效。Giardiasis
::谷地虫病Giardiasis , popularly known as beaver fever, is a type of gastroenteritis caused by a GI tract parasite , the single-celled protozoan Giardia lamblia (pictured ). In addition to human beings, the parasite inhabits the digestive tract of a wide variety of domestic and wild animals, including cows, rodents , and sheep, as well as beavers (hence its popular name). Giardiasis is one of the most common parasitic infections in people the world over, with hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide each year.
::热虫病(俗称海狸热)是GI病寄生虫,即单细胞原生虫Giardia羊肉(图象)引起的一种胃肠炎。除了人类之外,寄生虫还居住在各种家畜和野生动物的消化道,包括牛、老鼠和羊,以及海狸(即其流行名称)。 热虫病是全世界人民最常见的寄生虫感染之一,全世界每年有数亿人感染。Giardia lamblia is a single-celled organism that parasitizes the GI tract of humans as well as many other animal species.
::Giardia lamblia是一种单细胞有机体,它使人类以及许多其他动物种的GI大片地寄生。Transmission of G. lamblia is via a fecal-oral route. Those at greatest risk include travelers to countries where giardiasis is common, people who work in child-care settings, backpackers and campers who drink untreated water from lakes or rivers, and people who have close contact with infected people or animals in other settings. In the United States, giardiasis occurs more often during the summer than other seasons, probably because people spend more time outdoors and in wild settings at that time of year.
::G. 羊羔病的传染途径是粪便传播途径,风险最大的包括:旅行者前往有刺青丝虫病常见的国家,在儿童保育场所工作的人,在湖泊或河流中饮用未经处理的水的背包工人和露营者,以及在其他环境中与感染者或动物接触密切的人。 在美国,在夏季比其他季节更频繁地出现刺青丝虫病,这可能是因为人们在一年的这个时间里在户外和野外环境中花费的时间更多了。Symptoms of giardiasis can vary widely. About one-third third of people with the infection have no symptoms, whereas others have severe diarrhea with poor absorption of nutrients. Problems with absorption occur because the parasites inhibit intestinal digestive production, cause detrimental changes in microvilli lining the small intestine, and kill off small intestinal epithelial . The illness can result in weakness, loss of appetite, stomach cramps, vomiting, and excessive gas. Without treatment, symptoms may continue for several weeks. Treatment with an antibiotic may be needed if symptoms persist longer or are particularly severe.
::大约三分之一的感染者没有症状,而其他人有严重的腹泻,营养吸收不良;吸收问题出现,因为寄生虫抑制肠道消化生产,导致小肠胃微小素内衬的有害改变,并杀死小肠上皮。这种疾病可能导致虚弱、食欲丧失、胃抽筋、呕吐和过量的气体。如果不治疗,症状可能持续数周。如果症状持续较长或特别严重,可能需要用抗生素治疗。Summary
::摘要-
Inflammatory bowel disease is a collection of inflammatory conditions primarily affecting the intestines. The diseases involve the immune system attacking the GI tract, and they have multiple genetic and environmental causes. Typical symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea, which show a pattern of repeated flare-ups interrupted by periods of remission. Lifestyle changes and medications may control flare-ups and extend remission. Surgery is sometimes required.
::炎性肠道疾病是一系列主要影响肠道的煽动性疾病,这些疾病涉及免疫系统攻击GI道,它们有多种遗传和环境原因,典型症状包括腹部疼痛和腹泻,这显示出一种因消炎期而中断的反复发炎模式,生活方式改变和药物可以控制发炎和延长消炎,有时需要外科手术。 -
The two principal inflammatory bowel diseases are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn’s disease may affect any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus, among other body tissues. Ulcerative colitis affects the colon and/or rectum.
::两种主要的发炎性肠胃疾病是克罗恩病和溃烂性脊髓炎。 克罗恩病可能影响到口腔至肛门的GI大片的任何部分,以及其他人体组织。 超性脊髓炎影响结肠和(或)直肠。 -
Some people have little pouches, called diverticula, in the lining of their large intestine, a condition called diverticulosis. People with diverticulosis may develop diverticulitis, in which one or more of the diverticula become infected and inflamed. Diverticulitis is generally treated with antibiotics and bowel rest. Sometimes, surgery is required.
::有些人在大肠衬里有小袋,称为“转移性螺旋”,一种叫做“转移性螺旋体”的情况。 患有转移性螺旋体的人可能会发展“转移性螺旋体 ” , 一种或多种“转移性螺旋体”受到感染和发炎。 脊椎炎通常用抗生素和肠道休息治疗,有时需要手术。 -
A peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer). The most common cause is infection with the bacterium
Helicobacter pylori
. NSAIDs (such as aspirin) can also cause peptic ulcers, and some lifestyle factors may play contributing roles. Antibiotics and acid reducers are typically prescribed, and surgery is not often needed.
::胃溃疡是胃部(胃溃疡)或二元溃疡(二元溃疡)的内衬,最常见的原因是感染细菌-乙基苯丙胺,如阿司匹林等国家艾滋病疫苗也会导致胃溃疡,一些生活方式因素可能起到促进作用,抗生素和减少酸的药剂一般是规定的,往往不需要外科手术。 -
Gastroenteritis, or infectious diarrhea, is an acute and usually self-limiting infection of the GI tract by pathogens, most often viruses. Symptoms typically include diarr
he
a, vomiting, and/or abdominal pain. Treatment includes replacing lost fluids. Antibiotics are not usually effective.
::胃肠炎,或传染性腹泻,是GI病原体(最常见的是病毒)对GI病原体的急性和通常自我限制的感染。 症状通常包括腹泻、呕吐和/或腹部疼痛。 治疗包括替代流失的液体。 抗生素通常不起作用。 -
Giardiasis is a type of gastroenteritis caused by infection of the GI tract with the protozoa parasite
Giardia lamblia
. It may cause malnutrition. Generally self-limiting, severe or long-lasting cases may require antibiotics.
::谷地虫病是一种胃肠炎,是GI病因感染原生虫Giardia liblia引起的,可能导致营养不良,一般而言,自我限制、严重或长期的病例可能需要抗生素。
Review
::回顾1. What is inflammatory bowel disease?
::1. 什么是炎症肠道疾病?2. Describe typical symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease.
::2. 描述炎症肠胃病的典型症状。3. Compare and contrast Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
::3. 比较和对比克罗恩的疾病和口腔炎。4. What is diverticulosis? How is it related to diverticulitis?
::4. 什么是转移性肺炎?它与转移性肺炎有何关系?5. Identify the locations and causes of peptic ulcers.
::5. 查明胃溃疡的地点和原因。6. Define and describe gastroenteritis.
::6. 界定和描述胃肠炎。7. Identify the cause of giardiasis. Why may it cause malabsorption?
::7. 查明虫病的原因,为什么会引起吸食不良?8. Which of the following does not normally affect the small intestine?
::8. 以下哪一种通常不影响小肠胃?a. peptic ulcers
::a. 胃溃疡b. Crohn's disease
::b. 克罗恩病c. giardiasis
::c. 虫病d. ulcerative colitis
::d. 口腔炎9. Name three disorders of the GI tract that can be caused by bacteria.
::9. 列出细菌可能造成的三道GI病症。10. True or False: A colonoscopy can be used to examine the small intestine.
::10. 真实或假:结肠镜可用来检查小肠道。11. True or False: Peptic ulcers are mainly due to diet.
::11. 真实或假:胃溃疡主要是因饮食所致。12. Name one disorder of the GI tract that can be helped by anti-inflammatory medications, and one that can be caused by chronic use of anti-inflammatory medications.
::12. 指出GI病因之一,可以借助抗炎药物来帮助治疗,以及慢性使用抗炎药物可能造成的疾病。13. People with ulcerative colitis should be frequently screened for _________ cancer.
::13. 应经常对患有高血压结肠炎的人进行癌症筛查。14. Describe one reason why it can be dangerous to drink untreated water.
::14. 说明未经处理的水饮用可能有危险的原因之一。15. Do you think the “stomach flu” can be prevented by an influenza vaccine? Why or why not?
::15. 你认为 " 口腔流感 " 可以通过流感疫苗预防吗?为什么或为什么不能?Explore More
::探索更多Watch this interesting video to see in detail how and why diverticulosis and diverticulitis occur:
::仔细观察这段有趣的视频, 详细了解如何及为何发生转移性肺炎和转移性肺炎:Check out this video to learn about irritable bowel syndrome:
::校对:Portnoy -
Inflammatory bowel disease is a collection of inflammatory conditions primarily affecting the intestines. The diseases involve the immune system attacking the GI tract, and they have multiple genetic and environmental causes. Typical symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea, which show a pattern of repeated flare-ups interrupted by periods of remission. Lifestyle changes and medications may control flare-ups and extend remission. Surgery is sometimes required.
