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  • 案例研究结论:请不要通过面包

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    Case Study Conclusion: Please Don’t Pass the Bread
    ::案例研究结论:请不要通过面包

    The garlic bread stuffed with spaghetti shown above may or may not look appetizing to you, but for people with celiac disease, it is certainly off limits. Bread and pasta are traditionally made with wheat, which contains proteins called gluten. As you learned in the beginning of the chapter, even trace amounts of gluten can damage the digestive system of people with celiac disease. When Angela and Mariah met for lunch, Angela chose a restaurant that she knew could provide her with gluten-free food because she has this disease.
    ::上面展示的含意大利面的大蒜面包可能或可能看起来不尽如人意,但对于患有病的人来说,它肯定是不可允许的。面包和意大利面传统上用小麦做,其中含有蛋白质,叫做营养素。正如你在本章开头所了解到的,即使是微量的营养素也会损害患有病的人的消化系统。当安吉拉和玛利亚见面吃午餐时,安吉拉选择了一家她知道可以向她提供无谷类食物的餐厅,因为她患有这种疾病。

    When people with celiac disease eat gluten, it causes an autoimmune reaction that results in inflammation and flattening of the villi of the small intestine. What do you think happens if the villi are inflamed and flattened? Think about what you have learned about the functions of the villi and small intestine. The small intestine is where most chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs in the body. The villi increase the surface area in the small intestine to maximize the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into the blood and lymph. If the villi are inflamed and flattened, there is less surface area where digestion and absorption can occur. Therefore, damage from celiac disease can result in an inadequate absorption of nutrients called malabsorption.
    ::当患有宫颈病的人食用蛋白质时,会引发自免疫反应,导致小肠杆菌的发炎和扁平。如果葡萄酒发炎和扁平,你会认为会发生什么?想想你所学到的关于葡萄酒和小肠功能的知识。小肠是身体中大部分化学消化和吸收养分的地方。小肠杆菌会增加小肠的表面积,以最大限度地消化食物,将养分吸收到血液和淋巴中。如果葡萄酒发炎和扁平,那么可以消化和吸收的地表面积就会减少。因此,由于大肠病的损害,可以导致不适当地吸收称为不良吸收的营养。

    Malabsorption explains why there can be so many different types of symptoms of celiac disease, ranging from diarrhea and other forms of digestive distress, to anemia, nutritional deficiencies, skin rashes, osteoporosis and bone pain, depression and anxiety, and rarer — but potentially serious — complications, such as cancer. Our bodies need to digest and absorb adequate amounts of nutrients in order to function properly and stay healthy. Lack of nutrients can affect and damage cells, tissues, and organs throughout the body, sometimes seriously and irreversibly. A person with celiac disease can limit and often heal intestinal damage just by not eating gluten. In fact, eliminating all gluten from the diet is the main treatment for celiac disease. In some people with celiac disease, a gluten-free diet may not be enough, and steroids and other medications may be used to reduce the inflammation in the small intestine.
    ::马拉巴吸附解释了为什么有如此多种类的宫颈病症状,从腹泻和其他形式的消化困难,到贫血、营养缺乏、皮肤皮疹、骨质疏松症和骨头疼痛、抑郁和焦虑,以及罕见(但可能严重)的并发症,如癌症等。我们的身体需要消化和吸收足够的养分,以便正常运转和保持健康。缺乏营养可能影响到和损害整个身体的细胞、组织和器官,有时是严重和不可逆转的。患有宫颈病的人可以通过不吃蛋白质来限制和经常治愈肠道损伤。事实上,消除食谱中的所有软质是食病的主要治疗办法。在有些患有宫颈病的人中,没有大米的饮食可能不够,而类固醇和其他药物可能被用来减少小肠道的炎症。

    Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues. It is thought to be caused by the presence of particular genes in combination with exposure to gluten. What are some other autoimmune disorders that you read about in this chapter that affect the digestive system? The two main inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are both due to the body’s immune system attacking the digestive system, resulting in inflammation. Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the GI tract, most commonly the ileum of the small intestine, while ulcerative colitis mainly affects the colon and rectum. Similar to celiac disease, treatments for these diseases also focus on reducing GI tract damage through lifestyle changes and medications.
    ::Celiac疾病是人体免疫系统攻击自身组织的一种自发性免疫紊乱症,被认为是由特定基因的存在与内脏接触相结合造成的。你在本章中看到的影响到消化系统的其他一些自发性免疫紊乱是什么?两种主要的炎性肠道疾病,即克罗恩病和溃烂性结肠炎,都是由人体免疫系统攻击消化系统导致的炎症造成的。克罗恩病可以影响GI片的任何部分,最常见的是小肠的细胞,而肺炎则主要影响结肠和直肠。 与肝炎一样,这些疾病的治疗也侧重于通过改变生活方式和药物来减少GI的伤害。

    Gluten is clearly dangerous for people with celiac disease, but should people who do not have celiac disease or other diagnosed medical problem with gluten also eliminate gluten from their diet? Many medical experts say no, because gluten-free diets are so restrictive, they may cause nutritional deficiencies without providing any proven health benefits. They can also be expensive and, as Mariah’s cousin found out, difficult to maintain, given that gluten is present in so many foods. It is estimated that only one percent of the population has celiac disease. Most people should enjoy a varied diet and consult with their doctor if they are concerned about celiac disease, other types of gluten intolerance, or food allergies.
    ::Gluten对于宫颈病患者来说显然很危险,但如果没有宫颈病或其他被诊断出患有谷质病的人也会从他们的饮食中消除营养素呢? 许多医学专家都说不行,因为没有营养素的饮食限制如此严格,他们可能造成营养不足,而没有提供任何经证明的健康福利。 他们也可能很昂贵,而且正如Maria的表弟所发现的那样,也很难维持,因为许多食品中都含有营养素。 据估计,只有1%的人口患有宫颈病。 大多数人如果担心宫颈病、其他类型的营养素不耐症或食物过敏症,就应该享受不同的饮食,并咨询医生。

    Chapter Summary
    ::章次摘要

    In this chapter, you learned about the digestive system, which allows the body to obtain needed nutrients from food. Specifically, you learned that:
    ::在本章中,你了解了消化系统,使身体从食物中获得所需的营养。具体地说,你了解到:

    • The digestive system consists of organs that break down food, absorb its nutrients, and expel any remaining food waste.
      ::消化系统由分解食物、吸收养分和排出任何剩余食物废弃物的器官组成。
    • Most digestive organs form a long, continuous tube through which food passes, called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It starts at the mouth, which is followed by the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
      ::大部分消化器官形成一个长长的连续管,食物通过这个管,称为胃肠道,从嘴开始,接着是口腔、食道、胃、小肠和大肠。
    • Organs of the GI tract have walls that consist of several tissue layers that enable them to carry out digestion and/or absorption. For example, the inner mucosa has cells that secrete digestive enzymes and other digestive substances and also cells that absorb nutrients. The muscle layer of the organs enables them to contract and relax in waves of peristalsis to move food through the GI tract.
      ::GI道的器官有墙壁,由几层组织组成,使他们能够进行消化和/或吸收,例如,内粘膜有细胞,秘密消化酶和其他消化物质,还有吸收养分的细胞,器官的肌肉层使他们能够在常态的波浪中收缩和放松,通过GI道运送食物。
    • Digestion is a form of catabolism, in which food is broken down into small molecules that the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair. Digestion occurs when food moves through the GI tract. The digestive process is controlled by both hormones and nerves.
      ::消化是一种催化形式,在这种形式中,食物被分解成小分子,身体可以吸收和使用这些分子,用于能源、生长和修理。当食物穿过GI道时,消化就会发生。消化过程由荷尔蒙和神经控制。
      • Mechanical digestion is a physical process in which food is broken into smaller pieces without becoming chemically changed. It occurs mainly in the mouth and stomach.
        ::机械消化是一种物理过程,在这种过程中,食物被碎成小块,而不会发生化学变化,主要发生在口腔和胃部。
      • Chemical digestion is a chemical process in which macromolecules — including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids — in food are changed into simple nutrient molecules that can be absorbed into body fluids. Carbohydrates are chemically digested to sugars, proteins to amino acids, lipids to fatty acids, and nucleic acids to individual nucleotides. Chemical digestion requires digestive enzymes. Gut flora carry out additional chemical digestion.
        ::化学消化是一种化学过程,在这种过程中,食物中的大型分子——包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类和核酸——被改变为简单的营养分子,可以吸收到体液中,碳水化合物被化学吸收到糖、氨基酸的蛋白质、脂肪酸的脂类和各个核糖酸的核酸中,化学消化需要消化酶。

      ::机械消化是一种物理过程,在这种过程中,食物在不发生化学变化的情况下被分解成小块,主要发生在口和胃中;化学消化是一种化学过程,在这种过程中,食物中的大型分子——包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类和核酸——被转化成简单的营养分子,可以吸收到体液中;碳水化合物被化学地吸收到糖、蛋白质到氨酸中,脂肪酸的脂类和核酸到个别核素中;化学消化需要消化酶;甘特植物进行更多的化学消化。
    • Absorption occurs when the simple nutrient molecules that result from digestion are absorbed into blood or lymph. They are then circulated through the body.
      ::当消化产生的简单的营养分子被吸收到血液或淋巴体中时,即发生吸收,然后通过身体传播。
    • Organs of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach.
      ::上胃肠道的器官包括口腔、阴道、食道和胃部。
      • The mouth is the first organ of the GI tract. It has several structures that are specialized for digestion, including salivary glands, tongue, and teeth. Both mechanical digestion and chemical digestion of carbohydrates and fats begin in the mouth.
        ::口腔是GI道的第一个器官,它有几种专门用于消化的结构,包括唾液腺、舌头和牙齿,碳水化合物和脂肪的机械消化和化学消化始于口腔。
      • The pharynx and esophagus move food from the mouth to the stomach but are not directly involved in the process of digestion or absorption. Food moves through the esophagus by peristalsis.
        ::Pharynx 和 esophagus 将食物从嘴里移到胃里,但不直接参与消化或吸收过程。 食物通过直肠通过食道。
      • Mechanical and chemical digestion continue in the stomach. Acid and digestive enzymes secreted by the stomach start the chemical digestion of proteins. The stomach turns masticated food into a semi-fluid mixture called chyme.
        ::胃部继续发生机械和化学消化过程。胃部隐藏的酸和消化酶开始蛋白质的化学消化。胃部将松动食品变成一种半流体混合物,叫做。

      ::口腔是GI道的第一个器官,它有几种专门用于消化的结构,包括唾液腺、舌头和牙齿,碳水化合物和脂肪的机械消化和化学消化始于口中,对碳水化合物和脂肪的机械消化和化学消化始于口中,对硫磷和食道将食物从嘴中移到胃部,但不直接参与消化或吸收过程,食物通过阴道过食道,对胃继续进行机械和化学消化。胃中隐藏的酸和消化酶开始蛋白质的化学消化。胃将授精食品变成一种叫做的半氟混合物。
    • The lower GI tract includes the small intestine and large intestine. The small intestine is where most chemical digestion and virtually all absorption of nutrients occur. The large intestine contains huge numbers of beneficial bacteria, and removes water and salts from food waste before it is eliminated.
      ::低肠道包括小肠道和大肠道,小肠道是化学消化和吸收营养物质最多的地方,大肠道含有大量有益的细菌,在消除食物废物之前将水和盐从食物废物中去除。
      • The small intestine consists of three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. All three parts of the small intestine are lined with mucosa that is very wrinkled and covered with villi and microvilli, giving the small intestine a huge surface area for digestion and absorption.
        ::小肠由三部分组成:二元肠、六元肠和二元肠。小肠的所有三个部分都与粘膜粘合在一起,粘糊糊糊,上面盖着葡萄酒和微小树脂,使小肠有一个巨大的消化和吸收地表面积。
        • The duodenum secretes digestive enzymes and also receives bile from the liver or gallbladder and digestive enzymes and bicarbonate from the pancreas. These digestive substances neutralize acidic chyme and allow for the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in the duodenum.
          ::这些消化物质中和酸性旋律,并允许碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类和核酸的化学消化。
        • The jejunum carries out most of the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, including the absorption of simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and many vitamins.
          ::Jejunum在小肠中吸收了大部分养分,包括吸收简单的糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸和许多维生素。
        • The ileum carries out any remaining digestion and absorption of nutrients, but its main function is to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts.
          ::进行任何剩余的消化和吸收养分,但其主要功能是吸收维生素B12和Bile盐。

        ::这些消化物质中和酸性旋律,并允许碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类和核酸的化学消化。它的主要功能是吸收维生素B12和Bile盐。
      • The large intestine consists of the colon (which in turn includes the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon), rectum, and anus. The vestigial organ called the appendix is attached to the cecum of the colon.
        ::大肠由结肠(包括结肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠、直肠。
        • The main function of the large intestine is to remove water and salts from chyme for recycling within the body and eliminating the remaining solid feces from the body through the anus. The large intestine is also the site where trillions of bacteria help digest certain compounds, produce vitamins, stimulate the immune system, and break down toxins, among other important functions.
          ::大型肠道的主要功能是将水和盐从神经管中除去,以便在体内进行循环利用,并消除从身体到肛门的剩余固体粪便;大型肠道也是数万亿细菌帮助消化某些化合物、生产维生素、刺激免疫系统、分解毒素等重要功能的场所。

        ::大型肠道的主要功能是将水和盐从神经管中除去,以便在体内进行循环利用,并消除从身体到肛门的剩余固体粪便;大型肠道也是数万亿细菌帮助消化某些化合物、生产维生素、刺激免疫系统、分解毒素等重要功能的场所。

      ::小型肠胃由三部分组成: 丁二烯、 jewunum 和 ileum 。 小型肠胃的所有三部分都与粘膜粘合, 粘糊糊糊, 粘糊糊糊糊糊糊糊糊糊糊糊糊, 使小肠胃有一个巨大的消化和吸收表层面积。 丁二烯分泌消化酶, 也从肝脏或胆囊和消化酶中获取粘液。 这些消化物质中消化酸性螺旋, 允许碳水化合物、 蛋白质、 脂类和 核酸的化学消化。 Jewunum 吸收了小肠胃的营养, 包括吸收简单的糖、 氨酸、 脂肪酸和 许多维他命。 吸收任何剩余的消化剂和营养素, 但它的主要功能是吸收维他命 B12 和 盐类。 大量肠胃的肠胃分泌化系统由碳、 肠胃内部的大规模分化功能, 包括直流、 直流、 直角的内部、 直流、 直流、 、 直角的分化、 、 直流、 直流、 直流的分流、 、 、 直流的分流、 、 直流、 直流、 、 直流的分流、 直流、 直流、 、 直流体、 直流体的分、 、 、 、 、 、 、 直体、 、 、 、 、 、 、 等、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 等、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 直、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 直、 、 、 、 、 、 、 直、 、 等、 、 、 、
    • Accessory organs of digestion are organs that secrete substances needed for the chemical digestion of food, but through which food does not actually pass as it is digested. The accessory organs include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. These organs secrete or store substances that are carried to the duodenum of the small intestine as needed for digestion.
      ::消化器是分泌食物化学消化所需的物质,但食物实际上不会随着消化而经过的器官。辅助器官包括肝脏、胆囊和胰腺。这些器官是分泌或储存在消化所需的小肠二元的物质。
      • The liver is a large organ in the abdomen that is divided into lobes and smaller lobules, which consist of metabolic cells called hepatic cells, or hepatocytes. The liver receives oxygen in blood from the aorta through the hepatic artery. It receives nutrients in blood from the GI tract and wastes in blood from the spleen through the portal vein.
        ::肝脏是腹部的一个大器官,分为叶子和小叶囊,由代谢细胞组成,称为肝细胞,或肝细胞,肝脏通过肝动脉从动脉从动脉血液中接收氧气,从GI道血液中接收营养素,从脾脏到门静脉血液中接收废物。
        • The main digestive function of the liver is the production of the alkaline liquid called bile. Bile is carried directly to the duodenum by the common bile duct or to the gallbladder first for storage. Bile neutralizes acidic chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach and also emulsifies fat globules into smaller particles (micelles) that are easier to digest chemically.
          ::肝脏的主要消化功能是生产碱性液体,称为Bile,Bile直接通过普通的Bile导管或首先储存的胆囊携带到duodenum。Bile中性酸性旋律从腹部进入duodenum,并将脂肪球泡乳化成较易化学消化的较小粒子(微粒)。
        • Other vital functions of the liver include regulating blood sugar levels by storing excess sugar as glycogen; storing many vitamins and minerals; synthesizing numerous proteins and lipids; and breaking down waste products and toxic substances.
          ::肝脏的其他关键功能包括:通过将多余的糖储存成甘油来调节血糖水平;储存许多维他命和矿物质;综合多种蛋白质和脂质;以及分解废物和有毒物质。

        ::肝脏的主要消化功能是生产碱性液体,称为Bile,Bile直接通过普通的Bile导管或首先储存的胆囊携带到二聚苯乙烯中枢;从胃进入二聚苯乙烯的酸中性旋律,并将脂肪球状融化成较易化学消化的较小颗粒(微粒);肝脏的其他关键功能包括将多余的糖储存为甘醇,以调节血糖水平;储存许多维生素和矿物质;合成许多蛋白质和脂质;以及粉碎废物和有毒物质。
      • The gallbladder is a small pouch-like organ near the liver. It stores and concentrates bile from the liver until it is needed in the duodenum to neutralize chyme and help digest lipids.
        ::胆囊是肝脏附近一个小的象邮袋的器官,它储存和浓缩肝脏的粘液,直到二角膜需要它来中和和消化脂液。
      • The pancreas is a glandular organ that secretes both endocrine hormones and digestive enzymes. As an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. As a digestive organ, the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum through ducts. Pancreatic digestive enzymes include amylase (starches); trypsin and chymotrypsin (proteins); lipase (lipids); and ribonucleases and deoxyribonucleases (RNA and DNA).
        ::胰腺是分泌内分泌激素和消化酶的腺器官,作为内分泌腺,胰腺会分泌胰岛素和凝胶以调节血糖,作为消化器官,胰腺会分泌通过管道将消化酶注入二聚苯乙烯,胃消化酶包括氨基酶(恒星);Trepsin和屈motrypsin(蛋白);脂类(脂质);以及肋骨和脱氧核糖核酸(RNA和DNA)。

      ::肝脏是腹部的大器官,分为叶浆和小叶囊,由代谢细胞组成,称为肝细胞或肝细胞。肝脏通过肝血管获得血液中的氧。肝脏从 GI 血液中接收营养,从脾脏中获取血液中的废物。肝脏的主要消化功能是生产碱性液体,称为Bile。Bile。Bile直接通过普通粘液,或首先储存的螺旋细胞,送到杜奥氏细胞中。肝脏从胃进入杜奥氏细胞的血液中接收氧,然后通过肝血管血管血管的血液中吸收脂肪蛋白质。肝脏的其他关键功能包括调控血糖水平,将多余的糖储存成糖质;储存许多血浆和蛋白;将大量蛋白和血浆直接输送到肝脏中。 肝脏中正中正的内脏和肝脏中含有一种小的内脏器官。
    • Inflammatory bowel disease is a collection of inflammatory conditions primarily affecting the intestines. The diseases involve the immune system attacking the GI tract, and they have multiple genetic and environmental causes. Typical symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea, which show a pattern of repeated flare-ups interrupted by periods of remission. Lifestyle changes and medications may control flare-ups and extend remission. Surgery is sometimes required.
      ::炎性肠道疾病是一系列主要影响肠道的煽动性疾病,这些疾病涉及免疫系统攻击GI道,它们有多种遗传和环境原因,典型症状包括腹部疼痛和腹泻,这显示出一种因消炎期而中断的反复发炎模式,生活方式改变和药物可以控制发炎和延长消炎,有时需要外科手术。
      • The two principal inflammatory bowel diseases are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn’s disease may affect any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus, among other body tissues. Ulcerative colitis affects the colon and/or rectum.
        ::两种主要的发炎性肠胃疾病是克罗恩病和溃烂性脊髓炎。 克罗恩病可能影响到口腔至肛门的GI大片的任何部分,以及其他人体组织。 超性脊髓炎影响结肠和(或)直肠。

      ::两种主要的发炎性肠胃疾病是克罗恩病和溃烂性脊髓炎。 克罗恩病可能影响到口腔至肛门的GI大片的任何部分,以及其他人体组织。 超性脊髓炎影响结肠和(或)直肠。
    • Some people have little pouches, called diverticula, in the lining of their large intestine, a condition called diverticulosis. People with diverticulosis may develop diverticulitis, in which one or more of the diverticula become infected and inflamed. Diverticulitis is generally treated with antibiotics and bowel rest. Sometimes, surgery is required.
      ::有些人在大肠衬里有小袋,称为“转移性螺旋”,一种叫做“转移性螺旋体”的情况。 患有转移性螺旋体的人可能会发展“转移性螺旋体 ” , 一种或多种“转移性螺旋体”受到感染和发炎。 脊椎炎通常用抗生素和肠道休息治疗,有时需要手术。
    • A peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer). The most common cause is infection with the bacterium  Helicobacter pylori . NSAIDs such as aspirin can also cause peptic ulcers, and some lifestyle factors may play contributing roles. Antibiotics and acid reducers are typically prescribed. Surgery is not often needed.
      ::胃溃疡是胃部(胃溃疡)或二元溃疡(二元溃疡)的内衬,最常见的原因是感染细菌-乙基苯丙胺;阿司匹林等非典发展指数也会导致胃溃疡,一些生活方式因素可能起到促进作用;通常会开出抗生素和减少酸剂的处方;往往不需要外科手术。
    • Gastroenteritis, or infectious diarrhea, is an acute and usually self-limiting infection of the GI tract by pathogens, most often viruses. Symptoms typically include diarrhea, vomiting, and/or abdominal pain. Treatment includes replacing lost fluids. Antibiotics are not usually effective.
      ::胃肠炎,或传染性腹泻,是GI病原体(最常见的是病毒)对GI病原体的急性和通常自我限制的感染。 症状通常包括腹泻、呕吐和/或腹部疼痛。 治疗包括替代流失的液体。 抗生素通常不起作用。
    • Giardiasis is a type of gastroenteritis caused by infection of the GI tract with the protozoa parasite  Giardia lamblia . It may cause malnutrition. Generally self-limiting, severe or long-lasting cases may require antibiotics.
      ::谷地虫病是一种胃肠炎,是GI病因感染原生虫Giardia liblia引起的,可能导致营养不良,一般而言,自我限制、严重或长期的病例可能需要抗生素。

    As you have learned, the process of digestion, in which food is broken down and nutrients are absorbed by the body, also involves the elimination of solid wastes. Elimination of waste is also called excretion. Some of the organs of the digestive system, such as the liver and large intestine, are also considered part of the excretory system. Read the next chapter to learn more about the excretory system and how wastes are eliminated from our bodies.  
    ::如你所知,食物分解和营养物质被身体吸收的消化过程也涉及消除固体废物,废物的消除也称为排泄物,消化系统的一些器官,如肝脏和大肠,也被视为排泄系统的一部分。读下一章了解关于排泄系统和如何从我们身体中清除废物的更多情况。

    Chapter Summary Review
    ::" 概述 " 章次

    1. Explain how the accessory organs of digestion interact with the GI tract.
    ::1. 解释消化的辅助器官如何与GI道相互作用。

    2. In which of the following organs is food actually digested?
    ::2. 下列哪些器官实际消化了食物?

    a. pancreas
    ::a. 胰腺

    b. small intestine
    ::b. 小肠

    c. gallbladder
    ::c. 胆囊

    d. A and B
    ::d. A和B

    3. True or False:  Bile is one of the digestive fluids secreted in the stomach.
    ::3. 真实的或假的:阴道是腹部隐藏的消化液之一。

    4. True or False:  The smell of food can stimulate the release of digestive enzymes.
    ::4. 真实或假:食物的气味可以刺激消化酶的释放。

    5. If the pH in the duodenum was too low (acidic), what effect do you think this would have on the processes of the digestive system?
    ::5. 如果二元基体中的pH值太低(酸性),你认为这将对消化系统的处理过程产生什么影响?

    6. Is the stomach involved in chemical digestion, mechanical digestion, or both? Explain your answer.
    ::6. 胃是否与化学消化、机械消化有关?

    7. Absorption of most nutrients occurs in the _______________. 
    ::7. 大多数养分的吸收发生在___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    a. duodenum
    ::a. 双

    b. ileum
    ::b. ileum

    c. cecum
    ::c. 积积

    d. jejunum
    ::d. jjjunum

    8. Is food passing through the GI tract generally more solid in the small intestine or in the large intestine? Explain your answer.
    ::8. 在小肠道或大肠道中通过GI口的食物是否一般更扎实?

    9. The colon is also called the __________  ______________ .
    ::9. 结肠也称为

    10. Discuss whether digestion occurs in the large intestine.
    ::10. 讨论大型肠道是否发生消化。

    11. The appendix is attached to the ___________________. 
    ::11. 附录附于______________________________。

    a. large intestine
    ::a. 大肠

    b. small intestine
    ::b. 小肠

    c. pancreas
    ::c. 胰腺

    d. liver
    ::d. 肝脏

    12. What is a lacteal? In your answer, be sure to describe both its location and function in the digestive system.
    ::12. 什么是岩层?在您的答复中,请务必描述其在消化系统中的位置和功能。

    13. Lipids are digested at different points in the digestive system. Describe how lipids are digested at two of these points.
    ::13. 消化系统的不同点消化唇液,说明其中两个点如何消化脂液。

    14. Describe two different functions of stomach acid.
    ::14. 描述胃酸的两个不同功能。

    15. True or False:  Proteins are only digested in the stomach.
    ::15. 真实或假:蛋白质只在胃中消化。

    16. True or False:  A peptic ulcer can occur in the small intestine.
    ::16. 真实或假的:小肠内可能出现胃溃疡。

    17. Match each of the following organs of the digestive system with the description that best fits it. Each organ is used only once.
    ::17. 将消化系统下列各器官与最合适的说明相匹配,每个器官只使用一次。

    Organs: pancreas; liver; gallbladder
    ::器官:胰腺;肝;胆囊

    a. a small, pouch-like organ that stores and concentrates bile produced by a different organ
    ::a. 一个象邮袋的小型器官,储存和浓缩由另一机关生产的易碎物

    b. produces insulin, as well as digestive enzymes and other needed substances
    ::b. 生产胰岛素、消化酶和其他所需物质

    c. processes wastes, in addition to aiding in digestive functions
    ::c. 除了帮助消化功能外,处理废物

    18. What is the name of the rhythmic muscle contractions that move food through the GI tract?
    ::18. 将食物通过GI道的有节奏的肌肉收缩叫什么?

    19. What are the major roles of the upper GI tract?
    ::19. 上GI大草原的主要作用是什么?

    20. Diverticulitis causes infected and inflamed pouches in the _______________ .
    ::20. 在__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    a. stomach
    ::a. 胃

    b. small intestine
    ::b. 小肠

    c. jejunum
    ::c. jjjunum

    d. large intestine
    ::d. 大肠

    21. What is the physiological cause of heartburn?
    ::21. 心痛的生理原因是什么?

    22. Which disease most commonly affects the ileum of the small intestine?
    ::22. 哪种疾病最常影响小肠肠的利根?

    a. Crohn’s disease
    ::a. 克罗恩病

    b. peptic ulcer
    ::b. 胃溃疡

    c. ulcerative colitis
    ::c. 口腔炎

    d. gastroenteritis
    ::d. 胃肠炎

    23. True or False:  Smoking does not contribute to digestive system disorders.
    ::23. 真实或虚假:吸烟不会导致消化系统紊乱。

    24. True or False:  In addition to obtaining nutrients, the digestive system plays a role in protecting the body from pathogens.
    ::24. 真实或虚假:消化系统除了获得营养物外,还在保护身体免受病原体影响方面发挥作用。

    25. What are two ways in which the tongue participates in digestion?
    ::25. 舌头参与消化的两种方式是什么?

    26. Where is the epiglottis located?  If the epiglottis were to not close properly, what might happen?
    ::26. 上皮格罗蒂的位置在哪里?如果上皮格罗蒂不适当关闭,会发生什么情况?

    27. The GI tract goes from the mouth to the __________ .
    ::27. GI道从嘴到嘴。