18.1 案例研究:废物管理
Section outline
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Case Study: Drink and Flush
::案例研究:饮酒和冲水“Wow, this line for the restroom is long!” Olivia says to Tricia, anxiously bobbing from side to side to ease the pressure in her bladder. Tricia nods and says, “It’s always like this at parties. It’s the alcohol.”
::Olivia对Tricia说 : “ 哇,厕所的这条线很长! ” 。 Olivia对Tricia说,为了缓解膀胱的压力,她急切地肩并肩地跳来跳去。 Tricia点头说 : “ 在派对上总是这样。 这是酒精。 ”Olivia and Tricia are 21-year-old college students at a party. They — along with the other party guests — have been drinking alcoholic beverages over the course of the evening. As the night goes on, the line for the restroom has gotten longer and longer. You may have noticed this phenomenon if you have been to places where large numbers of people are drinking alcohol, like at the ballpark .
::Olivia和Tricia是21岁的大学生,他们与其他来宾一起在晚上喝酒,随着晚上的继续,厕所的排线越来越长。如果你去过很多人喝酒的地方,比如在球场,你可能会注意到这种现象。A line stretching out of a restroom door at a ballpark.
::球场上排着排着排着排队从厕所门走出来Olivia says, “I wonder why alcohol makes you have to pee?” Tricia says she learned about this in her Human Biology class. She tells Olivia that alcohol inhibits a hormone that helps you retain water. Instead of your body retaining water, you urinate more out. This could lead to dehydration, so she suggests that after their trip to the restroom, they start drinking water, instead of alcohol.
::Olivia说,“我想知道为什么酒精让你不得不尿尿? ” Tricia说,她在人类生物学课上学到了这一点。她告诉Olivia,酒精抑制了有助于你保留水的激素。你没有保留水,而是尿得更多。这可能导致脱水,因此她建议,在她们去洗手间之后,她们开始饮水,而不是酒精。For people who drink occasionally or moderately, this effect of alcohol on the excretory system — the system that removes wastes such as urine — is usually temporary. However, in people who drink excessively, alcohol can have serious, long-term effects on the excretory system. Heavy drinking on a regular basis can cause liver and kidney disease.
::对于偶尔饮酒或中度饮酒的人来说,酒精对排泄系统——清除尿等废物的系统——的这种影响通常是暂时的,但是,在饮酒过量的人中,酒精可能对排泄系统产生长期的严重影响,经常饮酒严重可造成肝脏和肾脏疾病。As you will learn in this chapter, the liver and kidneys are important organs of the excretory system, and impairment of the functioning of these organs can cause serious health consequences. At the end of the chapter, you will learn which hormone Tricia was referring to. You will also learn some of the ways alcohol can affect the excretory system — both after the occasional drink, and in cases of excessive alcohol use and abuse.
::正如你们在本章中将学到的,肝脏和肾脏是排泄系统的重要器官,这些器官的功能受损可造成严重的健康后果。在本章结尾,你们将了解什么荷尔蒙Tricia指的是什么。你们还将了解酒精可以影响排泄系统的一些方法,既包括偶尔饮酒之后,也包括过度使用和滥用酒精的情况。Chapter Overview: Excretory System
::章节概览:散逸系统In this chapter, you will learn about the excretory system, which rids the body of toxic waste products and helps maintain homeostasis. Specifically, you will learn about:
::在本章中,你们将了解排泄系统,它清除了有毒废物,有助于保持顺势。-
The organs of the excretory system —including the skin, liver, large intestine, lungs, and kidneys — that eliminate waste and excess water from the body
::排泄系统器官——包括皮肤、肝脏、大肠、肺和肾脏——消除身体中的废物和多余水 -
How wastes are eliminated through sweat, feces, urine, and exhaled gases
::如何通过汗、粪、尿和吸入气体来消除废物 -
How toxic substances in the blood are broken down by the liver
::血液中的有毒物质如何按肝脏分列 -
The urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
::尿系统,包括肾脏、尿管、膀胱和尿道。 -
The main function of the urinary system, which is to filter the blood and eliminate wastes, mineral ions, and excess water from the body in the form of urine
::尿尿系统的主要功能是过滤血液,清除血液中的废物、矿物离子和以尿为形式的多余水。 -
How the kidneys filter the blood, retain
necessary
substances, produce urine, and help maintain homeostasis (such as proper ion and water balance)
::肾脏如何过滤血液,如何保留必要的物质,如何产生尿液,如何帮助保持顺势(如适当的离子和水平衡) -
How urine is stored, transported, and released from the body
::尿液如何储存、运输和从身体中释放出来 -
Disorders of the urinary system, including bladder infections, kidney stones, polycystic kidney disease, urinary incontinence, and kidney damage
caused by
factors such as uncontrolled diabetes and high blood pressure
::尿道系统紊乱,包括膀胱感染、肾石、多细胞肾病、尿尿失禁,以及诸如无控制的糖尿病和高血压等因素造成的肾脏损伤
As you read the chapter, think about the following questions:
::当你读到该章时,请考虑以下问题:1. Which hormone do you think Tricia was referring to? Remember that this hormone causes the urinary system to retain water and excrete less water out in urine.
::1. 你认为Tricia指的是哪种荷尔蒙?2. How and where does this hormone work?
::2. 这种荷尔蒙如何工作以及在哪里工作?3. Long-term, excessive use of alcohol can affect the liver and kidneys. How do these two organs of excretion interact and work together?
::3. 长期、过度使用酒精会影响肝脏和肾脏,这两种排泄器官如何相互作用和协作? -
The organs of the excretory system —including the skin, liver, large intestine, lungs, and kidneys — that eliminate waste and excess water from the body
