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  • 案例研究结论:饮料和冲水

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    Case Study Conclusion: Drink and Flush
    ::案例研究结论:饮料和冲水

    You are probably aware that ,  because of its effects on the brain,  drinking alcohol can cause visual disturbances, slurred speech, drowsiness, impaired judgment, and loss of coordination. Although it may be less obvious, alcohol also can have serious effects on the functioning of the excretory system.
    ::你可能意识到,酒精对大脑的影响会引发视觉障碍、低语、沉闷、判断力受损和协调力的丧失。 尽管酒精可能不太明显,但也会对排泄系统的运作产生严重影响。

    As you learned from the conversation between Tricia and Olivia — who were in line for the restroom at the beginning of this chapter — alcohol consumption inhibits a hormone that causes our bodies to retain water. As a result,  more water is released in urine, increasing the frequency of restroom trips, as well as the risk of dehydration.
    ::正如你从Tricia和Olivia之间的谈话中了解到的那样——后者在本章开始的时候就排在厕所的排队里——酒精消费抑制了导致我们身体保留水的激素,结果尿中释放出更多的水,增加了洗手间旅行的频率,以及脱水的风险。

    Which hormone discussed in this chapter does this? If you answered antidiuretic hormone (ADH; also called vasopressin) — you are correct! ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland  and acts on the kidneys. As you have learned, the kidneys filter the blood, reabsorb needed substances, and produce urine. ADH helps the body conserve water by influencing this process. ADH makes the collecting ducts in the kidneys permeable to water, allowing water molecules to be reabsorbed from the urine back into the blood through osmosis into capillaries.
    ::本章讨论的哪些荷尔蒙可以这样做?如果你回答抗二尿素荷尔蒙(ADH,又称血管压抑剂)的话,你说得对!ADH被后脑垂体隔绝,对肾脏采取行动。如你所知,肾脏过滤血液、需要的再吸附物质和产生尿液。ADH通过影响这一过程帮助身体保存水。ADH使肾脏中收集的管道可以渗透到水中,允许水分子通过渗透进入血管,从尿液中重新吸进血液中。

    Alcohol is thought to produce more dilute urine by inhibiting the release of ADH. This causes the collecting ducts to be more impermeable to water, so less water can be reabsorbed, and more is excreted in urine. Because the volume of urine is increased, the bladder fills up more quickly, and the urge to urinate occurs more frequently. This is part of the reason why you often see a long line for the restroom in situations where many people are drinking alcohol. In addition to producing more dilute urine, simply consuming many beverages can also increase urine output.
    ::酒精被认为是通过阻止ADH的释放而产生更稀释的尿液,这导致收集的管道更容易渗透到水中,因此较少的水可以重新吸收,更多的被排泄在尿液中。由于尿量增加,膀胱的填充速度更快,尿液的冲动更频繁发生。这就是为什么在许多人饮酒的情况下你经常看到厕所长线。除了生产更多的稀释尿液外,仅仅消耗许多饮料也可以增加尿液产量的原因之一。

    In most cases, moderate drinking causes only a minor and temporary effect on kidney function. However, when people consume a large quantity of alcohol in a short period of time, or abuse alcohol over long time periods, there can be serious effects on the kidney.  B inge drinking (consuming roughly  four to five drinks in two hours) can cause a condition called “acute kidney injury,” a serious and sudden impairment of kidney function that requires immediate medical attention. As with the other cases of kidney failure that you learned about in this chapter, the treatment is to artificially filter the blood using hemodialysis. While normal kidney function may eventually return, acute kidney injury can sometimes cause long-term damage to the kidneys.
    ::在大多数情况下,中度饮酒只对肾功能造成轻微和暂时的影响,然而,当人们在短时间内消费大量酒精或长时间酗酒时,可能会对肾脏产生严重影响,宾格饮酒(大约耗时四至五杯,两小时内)可能导致一种称为“急性肾损伤”的肾功能严重和突如其来的损伤,需要立即进行医疗护理。与本章中了解到的其他肾衰竭案例一样,治疗是用血解人工过滤血液,正常肾功能最终可能恢复,急性肾损伤有时会对肾脏造成长期损伤。

    In cases where people abuse alcohol, particularly for an extended period of time, there can be many serious effects on the kidneys and other parts of the excretory system. The dehydrating effect of alcohol on the body can impair the function of many organs, including the kidneys themselves. Additionally, because of alcohol’s effect on kidney function, water balance, and ion balance, chronic alcohol consumption can cause abnormalities in blood ion concentration and acid-base balance, which can be very dangerous.
    ::如果人们酗酒,特别是在长时间内酗酒,会对肾脏和排泄系统的其他部分产生许多严重影响,酒精对身体的脱水作用会损害包括肾本身在内的许多器官的功能。 此外,由于酒精对肾功能、水平衡和离子平衡的影响,慢性酒精消费可能导致血液离子浓度和酸基平衡的异常,这可能非常危险。

    Drinking more than two alcoholic beverages a day can increase your risk for high blood pressure, too. As you have learned, high blood pressure is a risk factor for some kidney disorders, as well as a common cause of kidney failure. D rinking too much alcohol can damage the kidneys by raising blood pressure.
    ::每天多饮两杯酒精饮料可以增加高血压的风险。 正如你所了解的,高血压是某些肾脏紊乱的风险因素,也是肾衰竭的常见原因。 饮酒过多会通过提高血压损害肾脏。

    Finally, chronic excessive consumption of alcohol can cause liver disease. As you know, the liver is an important organ of the excretory system that breaks down toxic substances in the blood. The liver and kidneys work together to remove wastes from the bloodstream. As you have learned, for example, the liver transforms ammonia into urea, which is then filtered and excreted by the kidneys. When the liver is not functioning normally, it puts added strain on the kidneys, which can result in kidney dysfunction. This association between alcohol, liver disease, and kidney dysfunction is so strong that most of the patients in the United States with both liver disease and related kidney dysfunction are alcoholics.
    ::最后,慢性过量饮酒可导致肝病。如你所知,肝脏是排泄系统的重要器官,它分解出血液中的有毒物质。肝脏和肾脏一起从血液中清除废物。例如,据你所知,肝脏将氨转化为尿素,然后通过肾脏过滤和排出。当肝脏不能正常运转时,肝脏会增加肾脏紧张,可能导致肾功能失调。酒精、肝脏疾病和肾功能障碍之间的关联非常强烈,以至于美国大多数肝脏疾病和相关肾功能障碍的病人都是酗酒者。

    As you have learned, the excretory system is essential in  removing toxic wastes from the body and regulating homeostasis. Having an occasional drink can temporarily alter these functions, but excessive alcohol exposure can seriously and permanently damage this system in many ways. Limiting alcohol consumption can help preserve the normal functioning of the excretory system, so that it can protect your health.
    ::正如你们所学到的,排泄系统对于将有毒废物从身体中清除出来和调节顺势状态至关重要。 偶尔饮酒可以暂时改变这些功能,但过量的酒精接触可以在许多方面严重和永久地破坏这个系统。 限制酒精消费可以帮助保持排泄系统的正常运转,从而保护你的健康。

    Chapter Summary
    ::章次摘要

    In this chapter you learned about the excretory system. Specifically, you learned that:  
    ::在本章中,你学到了排泄系统。具体地说,你学到了:

    • Excretion is the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body. It is an essential process in all living things, and a major way in which the human body maintains homeostasis.
      ::排泄是从身体中清除废物和过量水的过程,是所有生物中的一个基本过程,也是人体保持顺势的主要方法。
    • Organs of the excretory system include the skin, liver, large intestine, lungs, and kidneys.
      ::排泄系统的器官包括皮肤、肝脏、大肠、肺和肾。
      • The skin plays a role in excretion through the production of sweat by sweat glands. Sweating eliminates excess water and salts, as well as a small amount of urea, a byproduct of protein catabolism.
        ::皮肤通过血汗腺的出汗在排泄中起到作用,湿润消除了多余的水和盐类以及少量尿素,后者是蛋白质催化的副产品。
      • The liver is a very important organ of excretion. The liver breaks down many substances — including toxins — in the blood. The liver also excretes bilirubin (a waste product of hemoglobin catabolism) in bile. Bile then travels to the small intestine and is eventually excreted in feces by the large intestine.
        ::肝脏是一种非常重要的排泄器官,肝脏分解了血液中包括毒素在内的许多物质,肝脏还排泄出bilirubin(血红蛋白催化物的废物)和Bile,然后进入小肠,最终被大肠排出粪便。
      • The main excretory function of the large intestine is to eliminate solid waste that remains after food is digested and water is extracted from the indigestible matter. The large intestine also collects and excretes wastes from throughout the body.
        ::大型肠道的主要排泄功能是消除在食物消化和从不可消化的物质中抽取水后留下的固体废物,大型肠道还从全身收集和排泄废物。
      • The lungs are responsible for the excretion of gaseous wastes — primarily carbon dioxide — from cellular respiration in cells throughout the body. Exhaled air also contains water vapor and trace levels of some other waste gases.
        ::肺部负责排泄整个身体细胞细胞呼吸产生的气体废物——主要是二氧化碳,吸入的空气还含有水蒸气和其他一些废气的痕量。

      ::肝脏是排泄物中非常重要的器官,肝脏将血液中包括毒素在内的许多物质分解出来,肝脏还把血液中包括毒素在内的许多物质分解出来,肝脏(血红蛋白催化物的废物)在肉里排泄物中排出物中。肝脏随后会穿行到小肠中,最终被大肠排出粪便中。大肠的主要排泄功能是消除食物消化后留下的固体废物,从不可消化的物质中抽取水。大肠也从全身收集并排出废物。肺部负责从整个身体细胞的细胞呼吸中排出气体废物,主要是二氧化碳。排出的空气中还含有水蒸气和一些其他废气的微量。
    • The paired kidneys are often considered the main organs of excretion. Their primary function is the elimination of excess water and wastes from the bloodstream by the production of urine. The kidneys filter many substances out of blood, allow the blood to reabsorb needed materials, and use the remaining materials to form urine.
      ::配对肾通常被视为排泄的主要器官,其主要功能是通过生产尿液消除血液中的多余水和废物,肾脏从血液中过滤许多物质,允许血液重新吸收所需材料,并利用剩余材料形成尿液。
      • The two bean-shaped kidneys are located high in the back of the abdominal cavity on either side of the spine. A renal artery connects each kidney with the aorta, and transports unfiltered blood to the kidney. A renal vein connects each kidney with the inferior vena cava and transports filtered blood back to the circulation.
        ::两个豆形的肾脏位于脊椎两侧腹腔背部的高处,一个肾动脉连接每个肾和动脉,将未过滤的血液输送到肾脏,一个肾静脉连接每个肾脏和低等的藤,并将经过过滤的血液运回循环。
      • The kidney has two main layers involved in the filtration of blood and formation of urine: the outer cortex and inner medulla. At least a million nephrons — which are the tiny functional units of the kidney — span the cortex and medulla. The entire kidney is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and protective fat layers.
        ::肾在血液过滤和尿液形成方面有两个主要层次:外皮层和内膜,至少100万个肾——它们是肾的微小功能单位——横跨皮层和体积,整个肾被一个纤维胶囊和保护性脂肪层包围。
      • As blood flows through a nephron, many materials are filtered out of the blood, needed materials are returned to the blood, and the remaining materials are used to form urine.
        ::随着血液通过肾脏流动,许多材料被从血液中过滤出来,所需材料被退回血液,其余材料被用于形成尿液。
        • In each nephron, the glomerulus and the surrounding Bowman’s capsule form the unit that filters blood. From Bowman’s capsule, the material filtered from blood (called filtrate) passes through the long renal tubule. As it does, some substances are reabsorbed into the blood, and other substances are secreted from the blood into the filtrate, finally forming urine. The urine empties into collecting ducts, where more water may be reabsorbed.
          ::在每一个肾脏中,球体和周围的鲍曼胶囊组成了过滤血液的单位。 从鲍曼的胶囊中,血液过滤的物质(称为过滤剂)通过长肾管穿透。 诚然,有些物质被重新吸收到血液中,而其他物质则从血液中隐藏到过滤器中,最终形成尿液。 尿液排入管道收集管道,那里可能有更多的水重新吸收。

        ::在每一个肾脏中,球体和周围的鲍曼胶囊组成了过滤血液的单位。 从鲍曼的胶囊中,血液过滤的物质(称为过滤剂)通过长肾管穿透。 诚然,有些物质被重新吸收到血液中,而其他物质则从血液中隐藏到过滤器中,最终形成尿液。 尿液排入管道收集管道,那里可能有更多的水重新吸收。

      ::两颗豆形的肾脏位于脊椎两侧腹腔背部的高处。肾动脉将每个肾与动脉连接起来,将未过滤的血液输送到肾脏。肾血管将每个肾与下等的藤叶酱连接起来,并将过滤的血液运回循环。肾有两个主要层次,涉及血液过滤和尿液形成:外皮层和内膜。至少一百万个肾——这是肾的微小功能单位——横跨肾脏和脑膜。整个肾脏被一个纤维化的胶囊和保护性脂肪层环绕着。随着血液通过肾脏,许多材料被过滤出血液,需要的材料被送回血液中,其余的材料可能被用于形成尿液。在每根肾脏、外皮质和内脏周围的鲍曼胶囊组成过滤器。从鲍曼的囊囊中,材料过滤器从血液中取出一些血浆,从血液中取出一些材料过滤器,再从血液中取出一些血浆,再通过血液流流流流到其他的体。最后,再通过血液流取一些材料,再从血液流到血液中,再从血液流到血液流流流流流到血液中,再通过血液流取取出一些材料,再进。最后的体,再取出。再通过血液流到血液中,再通过血液,再取取取取出一些材料,从血液。
    • The kidneys are part of the urinary system, which also includes the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The main function of the urinary system is to eliminate the waste products of metabolism from the body by forming and excreting urine. After urine forms in the kidneys, it is transported through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores the urine until urination, when urine is transported by the urethra to be excreted outside the body.
      ::肾脏是尿道系统的一部分,其中也包括尿管、尿囊和尿道,尿道系统的主要功能是通过形成和排泄尿,从身体中清除新陈代谢的废物,在肾脏中出现尿液后,通过尿管将尿液运至膀胱,膀胱将尿液储存在尿道中,直到尿液通过尿道运出体外时,尿液被尿道排出体外。
      • Besides the elimination of waste products such as urea, uric acid, excess water, and mineral ions, the urinary system has other vital functions. These include maintaining homeostasis of mineral ions in extracellular fluid, regulating acid-base balance in the blood, regulating the volume of extracellular fluids, and controlling blood pressure.
        ::除了消除尿素、酸尿、过量水和矿物离子等废物外,尿道系统还有其他重要功能,包括保持外细胞液中矿物离子的均匀性,调节血液中的酸基平衡,调节外细胞液的数量,控制血压。
        • The formation of urine must be closely regulated to maintain body-wide homeostasis. Several endocrine hormones help control this function of the urinary system, including antidiuretic hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary gland, parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands, and aldosterone from the adrenal glands.
          ::一些内分泌激素有助于控制尿道系统的这一功能,包括从后脑垂体腺中分离出来的抗亚尿激素、从类甲状腺中提取的对甲状腺激素以及从肾上腺中提取的甲状腺激素。
          • For example, the kidneys are part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that regulates the concentration of sodium in the blood to control blood pressure. In this system, the enzyme renin secreted by the kidneys works with hormones from the liver and adrenal gland to stimulate nephrons to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine.
            ::例如,肾脏是调控血液中钠浓度以控制血压的伦宁-angiotensin-aldosterone系统的一部分,在这一系统中,肾脏隔绝的酶酶与肝脏和肾上腺激素合作,刺激肾脏重新吸附更多的钠和尿液中的水。

          ::例如,肾脏是调控血液中钠浓度以控制血压的伦宁-angiotensin-aldosterone系统的一部分,在这一系统中,肾脏隔绝的酶酶与肝脏和肾上腺激素合作,刺激肾脏重新吸附更多的钠和尿液中的水。
        • The kidneys also secrete endocrine hormones, including calcitriol — which helps control the level of calcium in the blood — and erythropoietin, which stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
          ::肾脏还分泌内分泌激素,包括卡西里醇——它有助于控制血液中的钙含量——和骨质素,它刺激骨髓产生红细胞。

        ::一些内分泌激素有助于控制尿道系统的这一功能,包括从腹部皮下垂的激素、从类甲状腺的对甲状腺的对甲状腺激素和肾上腺的对甲酮,例如,肾是调控血液中钠浓度以控制血压的伦宁-angiotensin-aldosterone系统的一部分;在这一系统中,肾部分泌的酶与肝脏和肾上腺的激素合作,刺激肾激素再吸取更多的钠和尿液中的水;肾部还秘密的内分泌激素,包括钙,帮助控制血液中的钙含量;以及红血素,它刺激骨髓结结,以产生红血细胞。
      • The process of urination is controlled by both the autonomic and the somatic nervous systems. The autonomic system causes the detrusor muscle in the bladder wall to relax as the bladder fills with urine, but conscious contraction of the detrusor muscle expels urine from the bladder during urination.
        ::排尿过程由自体和体能神经系统控制,自体系统导致膀胱墙的分泌肌肉放松,因为膀胱充斥着尿液,但自觉的分泌肌肉收缩在尿尿时会将尿从膀胱中排出。
      • Ureters are tube-like structures that connect the kidneys with the urinary bladder. Each ureter arises at the renal pelvis of a kidney and travels down through the abdomen to the urinary bladder. The walls of the ureter contain smooth muscle that can contract to push urine through the ureter by peristalsis. The walls are lined with transitional epithelium that can expand and stretch.
        ::尿管是连接肾脏和尿囊的类似管状结构。每根尿囊都出现在肾脏的肾脏骨盆上,从腹部穿到膀胱。尿囊的墙壁有光滑的肌肉,可以通过透透气将尿液排入尿囊。墙壁与可扩展和伸展的过渡性肾上腺相连接。
      • The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that rests on the pelvic floor. It is also lined with transitional epithelium. The function of the bladder is to collect and store urine from the kidneys before the urine is eliminated through urination. Filling of the bladder triggers the autonomic nervous system to stimulate the detrusor muscle in the bladder wall to contract. This forces urine out of the bladder and into the urethra.
        ::膀胱是位于骨盆底部的空心肌肉器官,与过渡性肾上腺相连接;膀胱的作用是在尿液通过尿液消除之前从肾脏中收集和储存尿液;填补膀胱会触发自动神经系统,以刺激膀胱墙的分泌肌肉收缩;这迫使膀胱和尿尿进入尿道。
      • The urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the external urethral orifice. Somatic nerves control the sphincter at the distal end of the urethra. This allows the opening of the sphincter for urination to be under voluntary control. 
        ::尿道是一种将尿囊与外部尿囊连接的管子。 体能神经控制了尿道阴道端的螺旋体。 这样可以打开用于排尿的螺旋体, 从而在自愿控制下进行排尿。

      ::除了消除尿素、尿液酸、过量水和矿物离子等废品之外,尿液系统还有其他重要功能。其中包括在细胞外液中保持矿离子的内脏内分泌固态,调节血液中的酸基平衡,调节细胞外液的数量,控制血液压力。尿液的形成必须受到严密监管,以保持整个身体的软化状态。一些内分泌激素有助于控制尿系统的功能,包括从室外的液态;从室外的液态,从室外的内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌内分泌,通过肾内泌内泌内泌内分泌的内泌内泌内分泌内泌内泌,通过内泌内泌内泌内泌内泌内泌的内分泌内分泌内泌,通过内泌内泌内泌内泌内泌内泌内泌的内脏和内泌内泌内泌内泌,通过内泌分泌分泌分泌分泌的内泌分泌,通过内泌向内泌向内泌的内泌向内泌向内泌向内泌向内泌内泌向内泌的内泌内泌和内泌内泌内泌的内泌内泌,通过内泌分泌分泌,通过内泌分泌分泌分泌分泌内泌内泌和内泌向内泌分泌,通过内泌内泌和内泌,通过内泌和内泌和内泌和泌和内泌的内泌向内泌的内泌向内泌向内泌向内泌分泌的内泌,通过内泌向内泌和内泌分泌分泌分泌向内泌分泌分泌向内泌向内泌分泌向内泌向内泌向内泌分泌分泌分泌向内泌向内泌向内泌向内泌,通过内泌,内泌内泌向内泌,内泌内泌,内泌内泌内泌和内泌和内泌内泌内泌内泌内泌向内泌和内泌,内泌,内泌,内泌内泌内泌,
    • Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease caused by damage to the capillaries in the glomeruli of the kidneys due to long-standing diabetes mellitus. Years of capillary damage may occur before symptoms first appear.
      ::长期糖尿病导致肾脏球状膜的毛细膜损伤,导致肾脏肾脏的糖尿病肾脏病是一种累进性肾病,在症状出现之前可能发生多年的毛虫损伤。
    • Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder (autosomal dominant or recessive) in which multiple abnormal cysts grow in the kidneys.
      ::多元肾脏疾病是一种遗传病(浮游主要或休眠症),肾脏中多发异常囊肿。
    • Diabetic nephropathy, PKD, or chronic hypertension may lead to kidney failure, in which the kidneys are no longer able to adequately filter metabolic wastes from the blood. Kidneys may fail to such a degree that kidney transplantation or repeated, frequent hemodialysis is needed to support life. In hemodialysis, the patient’s blood is filtered artificially through a machine and then returned to the patient’s circulation.
      ::肾脏无法从血液中充分过滤代谢废物,肾脏可能因此衰竭。 肾脏可能无法达到肾移植或重复、频繁的血液透析以维持生命的程度。 在血液透析中,病人的血液通过机器人工过滤,然后恢复到病人的循环。
    • A kidney stone is a solid crystal that forms in a kidney from minerals in urine. A small stone may pass undetected through the ureters and the rest of the urinary tract. A larger stone may cause pain when it passes or be too large to pass, causing blockage of a ureter. Large kidney stones may be shattered with high-intensity ultrasound into pieces small enough to pass through the urinary tract, or they may be removed surgically.
      ::肾脏石是用尿中的矿物从肾脏中形成的固体晶体,小石块可能通过尿管和尿道的其余部分而未被发现,大石块在通过或太大而不能通过时可能造成疼痛,造成尿管堵塞,大肾石可能用高强度超声波粉碎,碎成小块,足以通过尿道,或手术取出。
    • A bladder infection is generally caused by bacteria that reach the bladder from the GI tract and multiply. Bladder infections are much more common in females than males because the female urethra is much shorter and closer to the anus. Treatment generally includes antibiotic drugs.
      ::膀胱感染一般是由从GI道和倍增到达膀胱的细菌造成的,在女性中,刀型感染比男性更常见,因为女性尿道短得多,更接近肛门,治疗一般包括抗生素药物。
    • Urinary incontinence is a chronic problem of uncontrolled leakage of urine. It is very common, especially at older ages and in women. In men, urinary incontinence is usually caused by an enlarged prostate gland. In women, it is usually caused by stretching of pelvic floor muscles during childbirth (stress incontinence) or by an “overactive bladder” that empties without warning (urge incontinence).
      ::尿尿失禁是尿液无节制渗漏的一个长期问题,特别是在老年和女性中非常常见,在男性中,尿不禁通常是由前列腺扩大造成的,在女性中,通常是由分娩期间骨盆骨骼肌肉拉伸(失禁症)或无预警(失禁狂)的“过活膀胱”造成的。

    You have learned that, through the removal of toxic wastes and the maintenance of homeostasis,  the excretory system protects your body. But how does your body protect itself against pathogens and other threats? Read the next chapter on the immune system to find out.
    ::你已经知道,通过清除有毒废物和保持顺势,排泄系统可以保护你的身体。但是,你的身体如何保护自己免受病原体和其他威胁?阅读下一章有关免疫系统的了解。

    Chapter Summary Review
    ::" 概述 " 章次

    1. Match each organ of the excretory system with the description that best fits it. Each organ is used only once.
    ::1. 使排泄系统的每一机关都具有最适合的描述,每个机关只使用一次。

    Organs: lungs, skin, kidneys, liver, large intestine
    ::器官:肺、皮肤、肾、肝、大肠

    a. excretes solid wastes from food
    ::a. 食物产生的排泄物固体废物

    b. cools the body while it eliminates water and other wastes
    ::b. 冷却身体,同时消除水和其他废物

    c. part of the urinary system
    ::c. 尿道系统的一部分

    d. produces bile and breaks down toxins in the blood
    ::d. 产生易腐和分解血液中的毒素

    e. eliminates waste gases
    ::e. 消除废气体

    2. In what ways can the alveoli of the lungs be considered analogous to the nephrons of the kidney?
    ::2. 肺的肺泡如何可以被视为类似于肾的肾?

    3. What is urea?  Where is urea produced, and what is it produced from?  How is urea excreted from the body?
    ::3. 尿素是什么?尿素产自何处,尿素产自何处?尿素是如何排出身体的?

    4. True or False:  I n addition to carbon dioxide, t he lungs help excrete excess water.
    ::4. 真实或虚假:除了二氧化碳外,肺部还帮助排出多余的水。

    5. True or False:  There are two kidneys in the human body, and both are the same size and shape.
    ::5. 真实或假:人体有两个肾脏,两者大小和形状相同。

    6. True or False:  The renal pelvis is a bone that surrounds the kidneys.
    ::6. 真实或假:肾骨盆是围绕肾脏的骨头。

    7. If a person has a large kidney stone preventing  urine that has left the kidney from reaching the bladder, where do you think this kidney stone is located? Explain your answer.
    ::7. 如果一个人有大块的肾石,防止使肾脏无法到达膀胱的尿液,你认为肾石的位置在哪里?解释你的答复。

    8. Match each structure below with the description that best fits it. Each structure is used only once.
    ::8. 使以下每一结构与最适合它的说明相匹配,每种结构只使用一次。

    Structures: urethra; nephron; ureters; urinary bladder
    ::结构:尿道;肾;尿管;尿囊

    a. produces urine
    ::a. 产生尿液

    b. stores relatively large quantities of urine
    ::b. 储存数量相对较多的尿液

    c. releases urine to the outside of the body
    ::c. 向身体外部释放尿液

    d. transports urine between where it is produced and where it is stored
    ::d. 将尿液运输到生产地点和储存地点之间

    9. As it relates to urine production, explain what is meant by “Excretion = Filtration – Reabsorption + Secretion."
    ::9. 关于尿液生产问题,请解释 " 排泄量=过滤-再吸附+保密 " 的含义。

    10. Which disease discussed in the chapter specifically affects the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys?  Where are the glomerular capillaries located within the kidneys, and what is their function?
    ::10. 本章讨论的哪一种疾病具体影响到肾脏的球状刺膜;肾脏内的球状刺膜在哪里,其功能如何?

    11. Describe one way in which the excretory system helps maintain homeostasis in the body.
    ::11. 描述排泄系统帮助身体保持自足的一种方式。

    12. Secretion in a nephron ______________________.
    ::12. 甲壳虫的隐秘性。

    a. occurs before filtration, and goes from the filtrate into the blood
    ::a. 在过滤前发生,从过滤到血液

    b. occurs after filtration, and goes from the filtrate into the blood
    ::b. 过滤后发生,从过滤器进入血液

    c. occurs before filtration, and goes from the blood into the filtrate
    ::c. 在过滤前发生,从血液进入过滤器。

    d. occurs after filtration, and goes from the blood into the filtrate
    ::d. 过滤后发生,从血液进入过滤器。

    13. High blood pressure can both contribute to the development of kidney disorders and be a symptom of kidney disorders.  What is a kidney disorder that can be caused by high blood pressure?  What is a kidney disorder that has high blood pressure as a symptom?  How does blood pressure generally relate to the function of the kidney?
    ::13. 高血压既会助长肾脏紊乱的发育,又会成为肾脏紊乱的症状。什么是高血压可能造成的肾脏紊乱?什么是高血压的肾脏紊乱?什么是高血压的症状?血压通常与肾脏的功能有什么关系?

    14. If the body is dehydrated, what do the kidneys do? What does this do to the appearance of the urine produced?
    ::14. 如果身体脱水,肾脏会做什么?这对产生的尿的外观有什么作用?

    15. ________________ contain filtered blood in the kidney.
    ::15. 肾脏内含经过滤的血液。

    a. arteries
    ::a. 动脉

    b. venules
    ::b. 发泡管

    c. veins
    ::c. 静脉

    d. B and C
    ::d. B和C

    16. True or False:  Hormones influence the functions of the kidney, but the kidney itself does not produce hormones.
    ::16. 真实或假:荷尔蒙影响肾功能,但肾本身不产生荷尔蒙。

    17. True or False:  Both the lungs and the kidneys help maintain the pH of the blood.
    ::17. 真实或假:肺和肾都有助于保持血液的pH值。

    18. Identify three risk factors for the development of kidney stones.
    ::18. 查明开发肾结石的三个风险因素。