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  • 案例研究结论:试图欺骗

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    Case Study Conclusion: Trying to Conceive
    ::案例研究结论:试图欺骗

    The woman in the photograph above is holding a home pregnancy test. The two pink lines in the middle are the type of result that Alicia and Victor are desperately hoping to see themselves one day — a positive pregnancy test. In the beginning of the chapter you learned that Alicia and Victor have been actively trying to get pregnant for a year, which, as you now know, is the timeframe necessary for infertility to be diagnosed.
    ::上面照片中的妇女正在接受家庭怀孕测试,中间两条粉色线是Alicia和Victor急切希望有一天看到自己的那种结果——一个积极的怀孕测试。 在开始的一章中,你了解到Alicia和Victor已经积极尝试怀孕一年,而现在你知道,这是诊断不孕症所必需的时间框架。

    Alicia and Victor tried having sexual intercourse on day 14 of her menstrual cycle to optimize their chances of having his sperm meet her egg. Why might this not be successful, even if they do not have fertility problems? As you have learned, although the average menstrual cycle is 28 days, with ovulation occurring around day 14, many women vary widely from these averages (either consistently or variably) from month to month. R ecall, for example, that menstrual cycles may vary from 21 to 45 days in length, and a woman’s cycle is considered to be regular if it varies within as many as eight days from shortest to longest cycle. This variability means that ovulation often does not occur on or around day 14, particularly if the woman has significantly shorter, longer, or irregular cycles — like Alicia does. Therefore, by aiming for day 14 without knowing when Alicia is actually ovulating, they may not be successful in helping Victor’s sperm encounter Alicia’s egg.
    ::艾丽西娅和维克多试图在月经周期的第14天性交,以尽可能增加其精子与蛋交配的机会。 为什么这不会成功,即使它们没有生育问题? 正如你所知道的,尽管月经周期平均为28天,排卵周期在14天左右,但月与月与月之间,许多妇女与月平均(一贯或可变)相比差异很大。 比如,回顾月经周期可能从21天到45天不等,如果妇女周期在从最短周期到最长周期的8天之内不同,则该周期被认为是正常的。 这种变异意味着排卵通常不会在第14天或前后发生,特别是当女性的排卵周期大大短、更长或不正常时(如Alicia那样 ) 。 因此,通过在不知道Alicia何时真正排卵的情况下将第14天作为目标,她们可能无法成功地帮助Victor的精子遇到Alicia的蛋。

    Lack of ovulation entirely can also cause variability in menstrual cycle length. As you have learned, the regulation of the menstrual cycle depends on an interplay of hormones from the pituitary and ovary, including FSH and LH from the pituitary and estrogen and progesterone from the ovary — specifically from the follicle which surrounds the maturing egg and becomes the corpus luteum after ovulation. Shifts in these hormones and processes can affect ovulation and menstrual cycle length. This is why Alicia was concerned about her long and irregular menstrual cycles. If they are a sign that she is not ovulating, that could be the reason why she is having trouble getting pregnant.
    ::完全缺乏排卵,也可能导致月经周期长度的变异。正如你所了解的那样,月经周期的调节取决于脑和卵巢的荷尔蒙的相互作用,包括脑和卵巢中的FSH和LH,以及卵巢中的FSH和LH,特别是卵巢中的卵巢和雌激素和蛋白质的相互作用,卵子环绕着成熟的卵子,在排卵后成为。这些荷尔蒙和过程的转变会影响卵卵和月经周期的长度。这就是为什么Alicia担心她的月经周期漫长和不正常。如果它们是她没有排卵的迹象,那可能是她怀孕难的原因。

    In order to get a better idea of whether Alicia is ovulating, Dr. Bashir recommended that she take her basal body temperature (BBT) each morning before getting out of bed, and track it throughout her menstrual cycle. As you have learned, BBT typically rises slightly and stays high after ovulation. While tracking BBT is not a particularly effective form of contraception, since the temperature rise occurs only after ovulation, it can be a good way to see whether a woman is ovulating at all. Although not every woman will see a clear shift in BBT after ovulation, it is a relatively easy way to start assessing a woman’s fertility and is used as part of a more comprehensive fertility assessment by some physicians.
    ::为了更好地了解Alicia是否在排卵,Bashir博士建议她每天早上在下床前用巴萨体温(BBT)跟踪整个月经周期。 如你所知,BBT通常会略有上升,排卵后会保持高位。 跟踪BBT并不是一种特别有效的避孕形式,因为温度上升只有在排卵后才会发生,但这是看妇女是否在排卵的好方法。 尽管并非所有女性在排卵后都会看到BBT的明显变化,但开始评估妇女生育率和作为一些医生更全面生育率评估的一部分使用的方法相对容易。

    Dr. Bashir also recommended that Alicia use a home ovulation predictor kit. This is another relatively cheap and easy way to assess ovulation. Most ovulation predictor kits work by detecting the hormone LH in urine using test strips, like the ones shown . Why can this predict ovulation? Think about what you have learned about how ovulation is triggered. Rising levels of estrogen from the maturing follicle in the ovary causes a surge in the level of LH secreted from the pituitary gland, which triggers ovulation. This surge in LH can be detected by the home kit, which compares  the level of LH in a woman’s urine to that of a control on the strip. After the LH surge is detected, ovulation will typically occur within one to two days.
    ::Bashir博士还建议Alicia使用家庭排卵预测包。这是评估排卵的另一个相对便宜和容易的方法。大多数排卵预测包通过测试带检测尿液中的荷尔蒙LH(LH),例如测试带,如所显示的。为什么可以预测排卵?想想你所学到的关于排卵是如何触发的。卵巢中成熟的卵泡的雌激素水平上升导致LH水平的上升,而LH水平是从下垂腺中分离出来的,触发排卵。家庭包可以检测到LH的这种增压,将妇女尿液中的LH水平与在排泄带的控制水平作比较。在检测到LH潮后,排卵通常会在一至两天内发生。

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    Ovulation test strips. The pink line towards the right in both strips is the control line that is used as a comparison to the test line that detects LH in the woman’s urine, located to the left of the control line. In the top strip, the test line is barely visible, indicating that LH levels are low. In the bottom strip, the light pink line on the left indicates that the woman’s level of LH is starting to increase. When the test line is equal in intensity or darker than the control line, the LH surge is likely occurring.
    ::脉冲测试条。两条带右侧的粉色线是用来比较在控制线左侧检测妇女尿液中LH的试验线的控制线。在顶部,试验线几乎看不到,表明LH水平低。在底部,左边的粉色线显示妇女LH水平开始上升。当试验线强度或暗于控制线时,LH会上升。

    By tracking her BBT and using the ovulation predictor kit, Alicia has learned that she is most likely ovulating, but not in every cycle, and sometimes she ovulates much later than day 14. Because frequent anovulatory cycles can be a sign of an underlying hormonal disorder, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or problems with the pituitary or other glands that regulate the reproductive system, Dr. Bashir orders blood tests for Alicia and sets up an appointment for a physical exam.
    ::Alicia通过跟踪其BBT并使用排卵预测包了解到,她最有可能排卵,但并不是在每一个周期,有时排卵要晚于14天。 因为频繁的动脉循环可能是一种潜在的荷尔蒙紊乱迹象,如多细胞卵巢综合症(PCOS),或与调节生殖系统的垂体或其他腺有问题,Bashir博士命令为Alicia进行血液测试,并预约进行体格检查。

    But because Alicia is sometimes ovulating, the problem may not lie solely with her. Recall that infertility occurs in equal proportions in men and women, and can be due to problems in both partners. This is why it is generally recommended that both partners get assessed for fertility issues when they are having trouble getting pregnant after a year of trying.  
    ::但是,由于Alicia有时在排卵,问题可能不只在于她。 回顾不孕症在男女比例上是相同的,可能是由于伴侣双方的问题造成的。 这就是为什么普遍建议双方在尝试了一年之后怀孕有困难时,在生育问题上接受评估。

    Therefore, Victor proceeds with the semen analysis that Dr. Bashir recommended. In this process, the man provides a semen sample by ejaculating into a cup or special condom, and the semen is then examined under a microscope. As you have learned, the semen is then checked for sperm number, shape, and motility. Sperm with an abnormal shape or trouble moving will likely have trouble reaching and fertilizing an egg. A low number of sperm will also reduce the chances of conception. In this way, semen analysis can provide insight into the possible underlying causes of infertility. For instance, a low sperm count could indicate problems in sperm production or a blockage in the male reproductive tract that is preventing sperm from being emitted from the penis. Further testing would have to be done to dissociate between these two possible causes.
    ::因此,Victor按照Bashir博士的建议对精液进行了分析。 在这一过程中,精液通过射入一个杯子或特殊避孕套提供精液样本,然后对精液进行显微镜检查。 正如你所了解的那样,精液随后会检查精子的数量、形状和运动能力。异常形状或行动困难的精液可能难以到达并施肥卵。精子数量少也会减少受孕的机会。这样,精液分析可以洞察不孕症的潜在根源。例如,低精子计数可能表明精子生产的问题,或者男性生殖道中妨碍精子从阴茎中射出的问题。进一步测试将不得不进行,以区分这两种可能的原因。

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    Victor had been worried that past injuries to his testes may have affected his fertility. As you have learned, the testes are where sperm are produced, and because they are external to the body, they are vulnerable to injury. In addition to physical damage to the testes and other parts of the male reproductive tract, a testicular injury could potentially cause the creation of antibodies against a man’s own sperm. As you have learned, Sertoli cells lining the seminiferous tubules are tightly packed so that the developing sperm are normally well-separated from the body’s immune system. However, in the case of an injury, this barrier can be breached, which can cause the creation of antisperm antibodies. These antibodies can hamper fertility by killing the sperm, or otherwise interfering with their ability to move or fertilize an egg. When infertility is due to such antibodies, it is called “immune infertility.”
    ::维克多担心,过去他的睾丸受伤可能影响到他的生育能力。 正如你所知道的,睾丸是产精的地方,并且因为是身体的外部,所以很容易受伤。 除了对睾丸和男性生殖器官的其他部分造成物理损害外,睾丸伤害还可能导致对一个人自己的精子产生抗体。 正如你所知道的,围住精子的塞托利细胞被紧紧地包着,这样,发育中的精子通常会与身体的免疫系统分离。 但是,在伤害的情况下,这个屏障可能被打破,这可能导致抗细胞的产生。 这些抗体可以通过杀死精子或干扰其移动能力或发酵卵来阻碍生育能力。 在这种抗生素导致不孕的情况下,它被称为“免疫不孕 ” 。

    However, Victor’s semen analysis shows that he has normal numbers of healthy sperm. Dr. Bashir recommends that while they investigate whether Alicia has an underlying medical issue, she continue to track her BBT and use ovulation predictor kits to try to pinpoint when she is ovulating. She recommends that once Alicia sees an LH surge, the couple try to have intercourse within three days to maximize their chances of conception. If Alicia is found to have a medical problem that is inhibiting ovulation, depending on what it is, they may either address the problem directly, or she can take medication that stimulates ovulation, such as clomiphene citrate (often sold under the brand name Clomid). This medication works by increasing the amount of FSH secreted by the pituitary.
    ::然而,维克托的精子分析表明他拥有正常数量的健康精子。 巴希尔博士建议,在他们调查Alicia是否有基本医疗问题的同时,她继续跟踪她的BBT,并使用排卵预测工具来定位排卵时间。 她建议,一旦Alicia看到LH猛增,夫妇将试图在三天内性交以最大限度地增加其受孕的机会。 如果Alicia发现有医学问题,根据情况,抑制排卵,他们可以直接解决问题,或者她可以服用刺激排卵的药物,比如氯米芬氏菌(通常以品牌Clomid出售 ) 。 这种药物方法可以增加肠管所隐藏的FSH数量。

    Fortunately, tracking ovulation at home and timing intercourse appropriately was all Alicia and Victor needed to do to finally get pregnant! After their experience, they, like you, now have a much deeper understanding of the intricacies of the reproductive system and the complex biology that is involved in the making of a new human organism.
    ::幸运的是,跟踪家庭排卵和适当性交是Alicia和Victor为最终怀孕而需要做的。 在他们的经历之后,他们和你一样,现在对生殖系统的复杂性和在制造新的人体机体过程中涉及的复杂生物学有了更深入的了解。

    Chapter Summary
    ::章次摘要

    In this chapter, you learned about the male and female reproductive systems. Specifically, you learned that:
    ::在本章中,你了解了男性和女性生殖系统。具体来说,你学到了:

    • The reproductive system is the human organ system responsible for the production and fertilization of gametes and, in females, the carrying of a fetus.
      ::生殖系统是人体器官系统,负责编织和授精以及雌性胎儿的生育和受精。
    • Both male and female reproductive systems have organs called gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females) that produce gametes (sperm or eggs) and sex hormones (such as testosterone in males and estrogen in females). Sex hormones are endocrine hormones that control prenatal development of sex organs, sexual maturation at puberty, and reproduction after puberty.
      ::男性和女性生殖系统都有被称为“鼻腔”的器官(雄性测试,雌性卵巢测试),这些器官产生色调(精子或蛋)和性激素(如雄性睾酮和雌性雌性激素),性荷尔蒙是内分泌激素,可以控制性器官的产前发育、青春期的性成熟和青春期后的生殖。
    • The reproductive system is the only organ system that is significantly different between males and females. A Y-chromosome gene called SRY is responsible for undifferentiated embryonic tissues developing into a male reproductive system. Without a Y chromosome, the undifferentiated embryonic tissues develop into a female reproductive system.
      ::生殖系统是男女之间唯一明显不同的器官系统,一种叫SRY的Y-染色体基因是无差别胚胎组织发展成男性生殖系统的责任,没有Y染色体,无差别胚胎组织发展成女性生殖系统。
    • Male and female reproductive systems are different at birth, but immature and nonfunctioning. Maturation of the reproductive system occurs during puberty when hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones again. The sex hormones, in turn, cause the changes of puberty.
      ::男性和女性的生殖系统在出生时是不同的,但是不成熟和不起作用,生殖系统的成熟发生在青春期,因为低脑和垂体腺的荷尔蒙会刺激性激素再次产生性激素,而性激素反过来又导致青春期的变化。
    • Male reproductive system organs include the testes, epididymis, penis, vas deferens, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles.
      ::男性生殖系统器官包括睾丸、肾上腺素、阴茎、软骨、前列腺和精液。
      • The two testes are sperm- and testosterone-producing male gonads. They are contained within the scrotum, a pouch that hangs down behind the penis. The testes are filled with hundreds of tiny, tightly coiled seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. The tubules contain sperm in different stages of development, as well as Sertoli cells, which secrete substances needed for sperm production. Between the tubules are Leydig cells, which secrete testosterone.
        ::这两个睾丸是精子和睾丸激素产卵的雄性鼻腺,它们包含在阴囊内,一个挂在阴茎后面的袋子里。睾丸里装满了数百个细小的、紧紧接合的半圆形管,产生精子。管子中含有不同发育阶段的精子,还有Sertoli细胞,这些细胞是精子生产所需的隐秘物质。在管子中,有Leydig细胞,是秘密的睾酮。
      • The two epididymes are contained within the scrotum. Each epididymis is a tightly coiled tubule where sperm mature and are stored until they leave the body during an ejaculation.
        ::阴囊内含有两种相近物,每一种相近物都是紧紧的圆柱状体,精子在那里成熟并储存,直到在射精时离开尸体。
      • The two vas deferens are long, thin tubes that run from the scrotum up into the pelvis. During ejaculation, each vas deferens carries sperm from one of the epididymes to one of the pair of ejaculatory ducts.
        ::两根管子的延展时间很长,细管子从阴囊跑到骨盆。在射精过程中,每根管子的延展时间从一个接球的精子带到一条导管的精子。
      • The two seminal vesicles are glands within the pelvis that secrete fluid through ducts into the junction of each vas deferens and ejaculatory duct. This alkaline fluid makes up about 70 percent of semen, the sperm-containing fluid that leaves the penis during ejaculation. Semen contains substances and nutrients that sperm need to survive and “swim” in the female reproductive tract.
        ::两种精液是卵巢中的腺,通过管子将液分泌到每个血管的接缝处和射精管。这种碱性液约占精液的70%,这种精液是精液,在射精过程中离开阴茎的精液。 精液含有精子生存所需的物质和养分,在雌性生殖道中“游动 ” 。
      • The prostate gland is located just below the seminal vesicles and surrounds the urethra and its junction with the ejaculatory ducts. The prostate secretes an alkaline fluid that makes up close to 30 percent of semen. Prostate fluid contains a high concentration of zinc, which sperm need to be healthy and motile.
        ::前列腺位于前列腺下方,环绕着尿道及其与输液管的交汇处。前列腺分泌了一种碱性液体,占精液的近30%。前列腺含有高浓度的锌,精子需要健康和运动。
      • The ejaculatory ducts form where the vas deferens joins with the ducts of the seminal vesicles in the prostate gland. They connect the vas deferens with the urethra. The ejaculatory ducts carry sperm from the vas deferens, and secretions from the seminal vesicles and prostate gland that together form semen.
        ::血管延后与前列腺中精液囊的管子连接。 它们连接血管延后与尿道。 血管延后带带带精子, 以及前列腺中精液和前列腺分泌精液, 共同形成精液 。
      • The paired bulbourethral glands are located just below the prostate gland. They secrete a tiny amount of fluid into semen. The secretions help lubricate the urethra and neutralize any acidic urine it may contain.
        ::配对的灯泡球腺位于前列腺下方,它们将少量液分泌到精液中,分泌有助于润滑尿,中和任何可能含有的酸性尿液。
      • The penis is the external male organ that has the reproductive function of intromission, which is delivering sperm to the female reproductive tract. The penis also serves as the organ that excretes urine. The urethra passes through the penis and carries urine or semen out of the body. Internally, the penis consists largely of columns of spongy tissue that can fill with blood and make the penis stiff and erect. This is necessary for sexual intercourse so intromission can occur.
        ::阴茎是具有直肠生殖功能的外部男性器官,它向雌性生殖道输送精子;阴茎也是排出尿液的器官;尿道通过阴茎,从身体中携带尿液或精液;在内部,阴茎主要由海绵组织柱组成,可以填充血液,使阴茎僵硬和勃起;这是发生如此直肠性行为所必需的。

      ::两种睾丸是精子和睾丸激素制成的雄性螺旋体。 它们包含在阴囊内, 一种是挂在阴茎后面的邮袋。 睾丸装满了数百个细小的、 紧缠的精细管状, 精子是在那里生产的。 管子中含有不同发育阶段的精子, 以及Sertoli细胞, 这些细胞是精子生产所需的秘密物质。 在管子间中间是 Leydig 细胞, 分泌睾丸。 两次肾上腺是放在阴囊内。 每个螺旋囊里是一个紧紧紧的螺旋管状, 精子成熟并储存起来, 直到它们离开身体。 两个管子的螺旋管会长, 螺旋的螺旋流流流会一直流流流流流流在不断流流中流, 血液的螺旋会通过体流体流流流流流流流流流流流流流流向下, 血液的螺旋会向右流流流流流流流流流流流流, 和流体流体向右流流流流流流流流流流流的流流流流流流中, 流的流流中, 流的流流流流会向下, 流流流到流流流流流到流到流流流流到流到流流流流的流的流流流流流流流流流流流到流到流的流流流到流到流流流流流到流流到流到流到流流到流到流到流到流流流流到流流到流流到流的流的流的流到流流流流流流流的流的流到流到流流流流到流的流流流流流的流的流流流流流流到流到流到流到流的流的流的流的流的流的流的流到流到流到流到流到流流流的流的流流流流流流的流到流流流流流流流流流流流的流的流的流的流流到流流流流流流流流流流流流流流流流流流流流流流流到流到流到流到流到流到流
    • Parts of a mature sperm include the head, acrosome, midpiece, and flagellum. The process of producing sperm is called spermatogenesis. This normally starts during puberty and continues uninterrupted until death.
      ::成熟精子的一部分包括头、 杂质、 中间和低脂。 精子的产生过程被称为精子产生过程。 这通常在青春期开始,并且持续到死亡为止。
      • Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules in the testes, and requires high concentrations of testosterone. Sertoli cells in the testes play many roles in spermatogenesis, including concentrating testosterone under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland.
        ::睾丸的发源地是睾丸中的半肾管,需要高浓度的睾丸激素。 睾丸中的塞托利细胞在精子产生方面起着许多作用,包括在来自垂体腺的卵石刺激激素的影响下集中睾丸激素(FSH ) , 包括凝聚睾丸激素(FSH ) 。
      • Spermatogenesis begins with a diploid stem cell called a spermatogonium, which undergoes mitosis to produce a primary spermatocyte. The primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to produce haploid secondary spermatocytes, and these cells in turn, undergo meiosis II to produce spermatids. After the spermatids grow a tail and undergo other changes, they become sperm.
        ::子细胞起源于一种叫做精子原子的稀释干细胞,它会经历二次精子细胞的分裂,产生一种初级精子细胞。 主要的精子细胞经历的是第一种微粒细胞,而第一种微粒细胞则经历的是第一种微粒细胞,产生手动的次精子细胞,而这些细胞反过来又经历的是二类微粒细胞,以产生精子。 精子长尾巴并发生其他变化后,它们就会变成精子。
      • Before sperm are able to “swim,” they must mature in the epididymis. The mature sperm are then stored in the epididymis until ejaculation occurs.
        ::在精子能够“游泳”之前,它们必须在肾上腺素中成熟。 成熟精子随后储存在肾上腺素中,直到射精。

      ::睾丸的发源地在睾丸中的精细管中出现,并且需要高浓度的睾丸酮。睾丸中的塞托利细胞在精子产生方面起着许多作用,包括在来自垂体地的刺激激素(FSH)的影响下集中睾丸酮。 发源始于一个叫做精子解剖的稀释干细胞,该细胞会进行分裂,以产生初级精子细胞。初级精子细胞会经历精子化I,以产生细微的次精子细胞,而这些细胞反过来又会经历精子生成精子。在精子生长尾部和经历其他变化之后,它们会变成精子。在精子能够“发泡”之前,它们必须先在肾上发育成熟。 成熟的精子随后被储存在肾上,直到射精液出现。
    • Ejaculation is the process in which semen is propelled by peristalsis in the vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts from the urethra in the penis.
      ::精液是阴茎内尿道的血管延后和阴茎内气管管的静脉和气管中静脉推进精液的过程。
    • Leydig cells in the testes secrete testosterone under the control of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. Testosterone is needed for male sexual development at puberty and to maintain normal spermatogenesis after puberty. It also plays a role in prostate function and the ability of the penis to become erect.
      ::睾丸蛋白质素(LH)控制下的睾丸激素(LH)控制下的睾丸激素(LH),男性在青春期的性发育需要睾酮,在青春期后保持正常的精子产生,在前列腺功能和阴茎勃起能力方面也起着作用。
    • Disorders of the male reproductive system include erectile dysfunction (ED), epididymitis, prostate cancer, and testicular cancer.
      ::男性生殖系统的紊乱包括勃起功能障碍(ED)、肾上腺炎、前列腺癌和睾丸癌。
      • ED is a disorder characterized by the regular and repeated inability of a sexually mature male to obtain and maintain an erection. ED is a common disorder that occurs when normal blood flow to the penis is disturbed or there are problems with the nervous control of penile engorgement or arousal.
        ::ED是一种病症,其特点是性成熟的男性经常和反复不能勃起和保持勃起,ED是一种常见病,当正常的血液流入阴茎时受到干扰,或者在神经控制硬化或激化时出现问题。
        • Possible physiological causes of ED include aging, illness, drug use, tobacco smoking, and obesity, among others. Possible psychological causes of ED include stress, performance anxiety, and mental disorders.
          ::ED的可能生理原因包括老龄化、疾病、吸毒、吸烟和肥胖等,ED的可能心理原因包括压力、性能焦虑和精神紊乱。
        • Treatments for ED may include lifestyle changes, such as stopping smoking and adopting a healthier diet and regular exercise. However, the first-line treatment is prescription drugs such as Viagra® or Cialis® that increase blood flow to the penis. Vacuum pumps or penile implants may be used to treat ED if other types of treatment fail.
          ::对ED的治疗可能包括生活方式的改变,例如戒烟和采取更健康的饮食和定期锻炼,但是,第一线治疗是处方药,如Viagra或Cialis,增加进入阴茎的血流,如果其他治疗失败,可以使用真空泵或阴道植入器治疗ED。

        ::ED的可能生理原因包括老龄化、疾病、吸毒、吸烟和肥胖等,ED的可能心理原因包括压力、性能焦虑和精神紊乱,ED的治疗可能包括生活方式的改变,例如戒烟和采用更健康的饮食和定期锻炼,但是,第一线治疗是处方药物,如Viagra或Cialis等,增加进入阴茎的血液流动,如果其他类型的治疗失败,可使用真空泵或阴道植入器治疗ED。
      • Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis. It is a common disorder, especially in young men. It may be acute or chronic and is often caused by a bacterial infection. Treatments may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and painkillers. Treatment is important to prevent the possible spread of infection, permanent damage to the epididymis or testes, and even infertility.
        ::肾上腺炎是一种常见的疾病,特别是在年轻人中,可能是急性或慢性的,而且往往是由细菌感染引起的;治疗可能包括抗生素、抗炎药物和止痛药;治疗对于防止感染的可能蔓延、对肾上腺素或睾丸的永久性损害,甚至不孕症非常重要。
      • Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. If there are symptoms, they typically involve urination, such as frequent or painful urination. Risk factors for prostate cancer include older age, family history, high-meat diet, and sedentary lifestyle, among others.
        ::前列腺癌是男性最常见的癌症类型,是男性癌症死亡的第二大原因,如果有症状,通常涉及尿道,例如频繁或痛苦的尿道,前列腺癌的风险因素包括老年、家庭史、高血糖饮食和定居生活方式等。
        • Prostate cancer may be detected by a physical exam or a high level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood, but a biopsy is required for a definitive diagnosis. Prostate cancer is typically diagnosed relatively late in life, and is usually slow growing, so no treatment may be necessary. In younger patients or those with faster-growing tumors, treatment is likely to include surgery to remove the prostate, followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
          ::前列腺癌可以通过身体检查或血液中前列腺特定抗原(PSA)高浓度检测出来,但确诊需要进行活体检查。 前列腺癌通常被诊断为寿命较晚,而且通常发育较慢,因此不一定需要治疗。 在较年轻的病人或肿瘤生长较快的病人中,治疗可能包括手术以移除前列腺,然后是化疗和(或)放射治疗。

        ::前列腺癌可以通过身体检查或血液中前列腺特定抗原(PSA)高浓度检测出来,但确诊需要进行活体检查。 前列腺癌通常被诊断为寿命较晚,而且通常发育较慢,因此不一定需要治疗。 在较年轻的病人或肿瘤生长较快的病人中,治疗可能包括手术以移除前列腺,然后是化疗和(或)放射治疗。
      • Testicular cancer, or cancer of the testes, is the most common cancer in males between the ages of 20 and 39 years. It is more common in males of European than African ancestry. A lump or swelling in one testis, fluid in the scrotum, and testicular pain or tenderness are possible signs and symptoms of testicular cancer.
        ::睾丸癌或睾丸癌是20至39岁男性最常见的癌症,在欧洲男性中比非洲男性更常见。 睾丸癌、睾丸癌或睾丸癌是睾丸癌的可能征兆和症状。
        • Testicular cancer can be diagnosed by a physical exam and diagnostic tests, such as ultrasound or blood tests. Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers. It is typically treated with surgery to remove the affected testis, and this may be followed by radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. Normal male reproductive functions are still possible after one testis is removed, if the remaining testis is healthy.
          ::睾丸癌可以通过身体检查和诊断性检测,如超声波或血液检测来诊断; 睾丸癌是所有癌症的最高治愈率之一; 通常通过手术进行治疗,以切除受感染的睾丸,继而进行放射治疗和/或化疗; 正常的男性生殖功能,如果其余的睾丸是健康的,在一次睾丸被切除后仍有可能发生。

        ::睾丸癌可以通过身体检查和诊断性检测,如超声波或血液检测来诊断; 睾丸癌是所有癌症的最高治愈率之一; 通常通过手术进行治疗,以切除受感染的睾丸,继而进行放射治疗和/或化疗; 正常的男性生殖功能,如果其余的睾丸是健康的,在一次睾丸被切除后仍有可能发生。

      ::ED是一种常见的混乱,其特征是性成熟男性经常和反复无法获得和保持勃起。ED是一种常见的混乱,当正常血液流向阴茎时,或者在神经控制细化的肿瘤或刺激性症状方面出现问题。ED的生理原因可能包括衰老、疾病、吸毒、吸烟和肥胖等。ED的心理原因可能包括压力、性焦虑和精神紊乱。ED的治疗可能包括生活方式的改变,例如停止吸烟和采用更健康的饮食和定期运动。但是,ED是一种常见的混乱,当正常的血液流向阴茎时,就会发生。如果其他类型的治疗失败,则会使用Viagra和Calis等处方处方药物来增加血液流动。EDRurity的生理症状可能是20种症状的炎症发。EDDM的症状可能是一种常见的疾病,特别是年轻人。它可能是急性的或慢性病,而且往往由细菌感染造成。治疗包括抗生素、抗腐蚀性药物、以及疼痛的预感性治疗。Acental 癌症是导致癌症的慢性病变病或癌症的先期。
    • The female reproductive system is made up of internal and external organs that function to produce haploid female gametes called eggs, secrete female sex hormones (such as estrogen), and carry and give birth to a fetus.
      ::女性生殖系统由内部和外部的器官组成,这些器官的作用是产生被称为鸡蛋、女性性激素(如雌激素)秘密、产卵和产卵的杂乱无章的雌性调子。
    • Female reproductive system organs include the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and labia.
      ::女性生殖系统器官包括卵巢、输卵管、子宫、阴道、阴蒂和阴唇。
      • The vagina is an elastic, muscular canal that can accommodate the penis. It is where sperm are usually ejaculated during sexual intercourse. The vagina is also the birth canal, and it channels the flow of menstrual blood from the uterus. A healthy vagina has a balance of symbiotic bacteria and an acidic pH.
        ::阴道是一种可以容纳阴茎的弹性肌肉渠道,精子通常是在性交期间射精的地方,阴道也是产卵渠道,它从子宫中输送经期血液,健康的阴道具有共生细菌和酸性pH的平衡。
      • The uterus is a muscular organ above the vagina where a fetus develops. Its muscular walls contract to push out the fetus during childbirth. The cervix is the neck of the uterus that extends down into the vagina. It contains a canal connecting the vagina and uterus for sperm or an infant to pass through. The innermost layer of the uterus, the endometrium, thickens each month in preparation for an embryo but is shed in the following menstrual period if fertilization does not occur.
        ::子宫是在胎儿发育的阴道上方的肌肉器官; 其肌肉壁合力在分娩期间将胎儿排出; 子宫颈是子宫颈,延伸至阴道; 子宫有一条连接阴道和子宫的运河,供精子或婴儿通过; 子宫内最深层,即内宫,每月厚度,以备胚胎生长,但如果未发生受精,则在下个月的月经期脱落。
      • The Fallopian tubes extend from the uterus to the ovaries. Waving fimbriae at the ovary ends of the Fallopian tubes guide ovulated eggs into the tubes where fertilization may occur as the eggs travel to the uterus. Cilia and peristalsis help eggs move through the tubes. Tubular fluid helps nourish sperm as they swim up the tubes toward eggs.
        ::输卵管从子宫延伸到卵巢。在输卵管的卵巢端将卵子排入管子中,卵子在卵子到子宫时可能会受精。Cilia和持久性帮助卵子通过管子。在卵子上游到卵子的管子时,土质液有助于培养精子。
      • The ovaries are gonads that produce eggs and secrete sex hormones including estrogen. Nests of cells called follicles in the ovarian cortex are the functional units of ovaries. Each follicle surrounds an immature egg. At birth, a baby girl’s ovaries contain at least a million eggs, and they will not produce any more during her lifetime. One egg matures and is typically ovulated each month during a woman’s reproductive years.
        ::卵巢是产卵和分泌性激素的卵巢,包括雌激素。卵巢皮层中被称为卵囊的细胞是卵巢的功能单位。每个卵囊环绕着一个不成熟的蛋。 出生时,一个女婴卵子至少含有100万个蛋,在她一生中不会再产卵。 一个蛋成熟,通常在妇女生育的岁月每个月被卵子排卵。
      • The vulva is a general term for external female reproductive organs. The vulva includes the clitoris, two pairs of labia, and openings for the urethra and vagina. Secretions from Bartholin’s glands near the vaginal opening lubricate the vulva.
        ::阴道是女性生殖器官外部的一般术语。 阴道包括阴蒂、两对阴唇、尿道和阴道的开口。 巴托林阴道附近阴道露出阴道的洞穴。 阴道包括阴蒂、两对阴唇、尿道和阴道的开口。
      • The breasts are technically not reproductive organs, but their mammary glands produce milk to feed an infant after birth. Milk drains through ducts and sacs and out through the nipple when a baby sucks.
        ::乳房在技术上不是生殖器官,但哺乳腺生产奶来喂婴儿。 乳房通过管子和包子排出,在婴儿生病时通过乳头排出。

      ::阴道是一种可以容纳阴茎的血管, 肌肉的渠道是阴道。 精子通常在性交期间被射精。 阴道也是产卵的渠道, 它从子宫中输送月经血液。 健康的阴道有共生细菌和酸性pH的平衡。 阴道是阴道上方的一个肌肉器官。 它的肌肉壁在产卵期间将胎儿推出。 宫颈是子宫颈的颈部,它向下延伸至阴道。 阴道也是子宫的颈部,它向下延伸至阴道。 阴道也是将阴道和子宫连接到精子或婴儿穿透口的阴道。 子宫的内层, 腹部和子宫的厚度,它的卵根部和卵子在卵巢中可以产生一种脉搏。
    • Oogenesis is the process of producing eggs in the ovaries of a female fetus. Oogenesis begins when a diploid oogonium divides by mitosis to produce a diploid primary oocyte. The primary oocyte begins meiosis I and then remains at this stage in an immature ovarian follicle until after birth.
      ::发源地是雌性胎儿卵巢中产卵的过程。 发源地开始于通过分裂分裂分裂产生液化原生卵细胞时。 原生卵细胞开始于美化一号,然后一直留在这个阶段,直到出生之后,还处于不成熟的卵巢卵囊中。
    • After puberty, one follicle a month matures and its primary oocyte completes meiosis I to produce a secondary oocyte, which begins meiosis II. During ovulation, the mature follicle bursts open and the secondary oocyte leaves the ovary and enters a Fallopian tube.
      ::青春期后,每个月有一个卵蛋成熟,它的主要卵细胞完成一号的细胞化,以产生二号细胞化的二级卵细胞。 在排卵过程中,成熟的卵卵球爆发,而二号卵细胞化则离开卵巢,进入输卵管。
    • While a follicle is maturing in an ovary each month, the endometrium in the uterus is building up to prepare for an embryo. Around the time of ovulation, cervical mucus becomes thinner and more alkaline to help sperm reach the secondary oocyte.
      ::卵盘每月在卵巢中成熟,而子宫内子宫内子宫为胚胎做准备。 在排卵期前后,宫颈肌肉变薄,碱性增加,帮助精子到达二次卵细胞。
    • If the secondary oocyte is fertilized by a sperm, it quickly completes meiosis II and forms a diploid zygote, which will continue through the Fallopian tube. The zygote will go through multiple cell divisions before reaching and implanting in the uterus. If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, it will not complete meiosis II, and will soon disintegrate.
      ::如果次卵细胞由精子受精,那么它会很快地完成梅氏二号,并形成一种将持续通过法洛匹亚管的低血球zygote。 zygote在到达子宫和植入子宫之前会通过多个细胞分解。 如果次卵细胞没有受精,它不会完成梅氏二号,并且很快会分解。
    • Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more offspring from fertilization until birth. The maternal organism must provide all the nutrients and other substances needed by the developing offspring, and also remove its wastes. She should also avoid exposures that could potentially damage the offspring, especially early in the pregnancy when organ systems are developing.
      ::妊娠是指一个或多个后代从受孕到出生的产期,母体必须提供发育期后代所需的所有营养和其他物质,并清除其废物,还应避免可能损害后代的接触,特别是在器官系统发育的怀孕初期。
      • The average duration of pregnancy is 40 weeks (from the first day of the last menstrual period) and is divided into three trimesters of about three months each. Each trimester is associated with certain events and conditions that a pregnant woman may expect, such as morning sickness during the first trimester, feeling fetal movements for the first time during the second trimester, and rapid weight gain in both fetus and mother during the third trimester.
        ::怀孕的平均持续时间为40周(从最后一个月经期的第一天开始),可分为三个三个月,每三个月约三个月,每个三个月与孕妇可能预期的某些事件和条件有关,例如第一个三个月的早孕、第二个三个月的第一次胎儿运动的感觉、第三个三个月的胎儿和母亲的体重迅速增加。
      • Labor, which is the general term for the birth process, usually begins around the time the amniotic sac breaks and its fluid leaks out. Labor occurs in three stages: dilation of the cervix, birth of the baby, and delivery of the placenta (afterbirth).
        ::劳动是生育过程的一般术语,通常始于羊水囊破裂和液体泄漏的时间。 劳动分三个阶段发生:子宫膨胀、婴儿出生和胎盘分娩(产后 ) 。

      ::怀孕的平均持续时间为40周(从最后一个月经期的第一天开始),并分为三个三个月,每三个月约3个月,每个三个月与孕妇可能预期的某些事件和条件有关,如第一个三个月的晨病、第二个三个月的第一次胎儿运动的感觉、第三个三个月的胎儿和母亲的体重迅速增加、分娩过程的一般期限 -- -- 劳动 -- -- 通常从羊膜休息和液体泄漏开始,劳动分三个阶段进行:宫颈变形、婴儿出生和胎盘分娩(产后)。
    • The physiological function of female breasts is lactation, or the production of breastmilk to feed an infant. Sucking on the breast by the infant stimulates the release of the hypothalamic hormone oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which causes the flow of milk. The release of milk stimulates the baby to continue sucking, which in turn keeps the milk flowing. This is one of the few examples of positive feedback in the human organism.
      ::女性乳房的生理功能是哺乳,或者生产母乳喂养婴儿。婴儿对乳房的吸食刺激了后脑垂体乳房释放出导致奶液流动的低脑荷尔蒙催产素。牛奶的释放刺激了婴儿继续吸奶,这反过来又保持了奶的流通。这是人类机体中少数积极反馈的例子之一。
    • The ovaries produce female sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is responsible for sexual maturation and secondary sex characteristics at puberty. It is also needed to help regulate the menstrual cycle and ovulation after puberty until menopause. Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy each month during the menstrual cycle, and helps maintain the pregnancy if fertilization occurs.
      ::卵巢产生女性性激素,包括雌激素和雌激素;雌激素负责青春期的性成熟和次级性特征;还需要帮助调节月经周期和青春期后排卵直到更年期;Progesterone为月经周期期间的怀孕准备子宫,并在孕期发生时帮助保持妊娠。
    • The menstrual cycle refers to natural changes that occur in the female reproductive system each month during the reproductive years, except when a woman is pregnant. The cycle is necessary for the production of eggs and the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. It involves changes in both the ovaries and uterus and is controlled by pituitary hormones (FSH and LH) and ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
      ::月经周期是指育龄期间女性生殖系统每月发生的自然变化,但怀孕妇女除外,该周期是生产卵子和为怀孕准备子宫所必须的,涉及卵巢和子宫的变化,由垂体激素(FSH和LH)和卵巢激素(Estrongen和 progentone)控制。
      • The female reproductive period is delineated by menarche, or the first menstrual period, which usually occurs around age 12 or 13; and by menopause, or the cessation of menstrual periods, which typically occurs around age 52. A typical menstrual cycle averages 28 days in length but may vary normally from 21 to 45 days. The average menstrual period is five days long, but may vary normally from two to seven days. These variations in the menstrual cycle may occur both between women and within individual women from month to month.
        ::女性生育期由月经期或月经期(通常在12岁或13岁左右)和月经期终止(通常在52岁左右)划定,月经期终止(典型的月经周期平均为28天,但通常为21天至45天不等),月经期平均为5天,但通常为2天至7天不等,月经周期的这些变化可能发生在妇女之间,也可能发生在妇女个人之间。
      • The events of the menstrual cycle that take place in the ovaries make up the ovarian cycle. It includes the follicular phase, when a follicle and its egg mature due to rising levels of FSH; ovulation, when the egg is released from the ovary due to a rise in estrogen and a surge in LH; and the luteal phase, when the follicle is transformed into a structure called a corpus luteum that secretes progesterone. In a 28-day menstrual cycle, the follicular and luteal phases typically average about two weeks in length, with ovulation generally occurring around day 14 of the cycle.
        ::在卵巢中发生的月经周期事件构成卵巢循环,包括卵子阶段,由于FSH水平的上升,卵子及其蛋成熟;排卵,卵子因雌激素上升和LH高涨而从卵子中释放出来;以及润滑阶段,卵子被转化成一种称为细胞润滑物的结构,这种结构将分泌蛋白质。在28天的月经周期中,卵子和卵子阶段通常平均为两周左右,排卵通常在周期的第14天左右。
      • The events of the menstrual cycle that take place in the uterus make up the uterine cycle. It includes menstruation, which generally occurs on days 1 to 5 of the cycle and involves shedding of endometrial tissue that built up during the preceding cycle; the proliferative phase, during which the endometrium builds up again until ovulation occurs; and the secretory phase, which follows ovulation and during which the endometrium secretes substances and undergoes other changes that prepare it to receive an embryo.
        ::在子宫内发生的月经周期事件构成子宫周期,包括月经,通常发生在周期的第1至第5天,涉及前一个周期内积累的内分泌组织脱胎换骨;增生阶段,在这一阶段内,子宫内分泌物重新累积,直到排卵;秘密阶段,在排卵之后,内分泌物并进行其他改变,为胚胎做好准备。

      ::女性生殖期由月经或月经期(通常发生在12岁或13岁左右)和月经期停止(通常发生在52岁左右)决定。典型的月经周期平均为28天,但通常从21天到45天不等。月经期平均为5天,但通常从2天到7天不等。月经周期的这些变化可能发生在女性和个体女性之间,在卵巢中发生的月经周期事件构成卵巢循环。它包括月经期期期期,或月经期停止期,通常发生在52岁左右。月经期平均平均为28天经期,月经期及其蛋期成熟时,因为FSH水平的上升;排卵期通常为21天,因为雌激素的上升和LH的激增而从卵蛋释放出来;以及月经期的这些变化可能发生在月经期,当月经期转变为一种结构时,即叫作酸液循环,也就是预产期。在28天的月经周期中,月经期周期周期及其卵期的卵本阶段开始开始,通常为周期的卵本周期,在2周前的周期内开始开始。
    • Disorders of the female reproductive system include cervical cancer, vaginitis, and endometriosis.
      ::女性生殖系统的紊乱包括宫颈癌、阴道炎和子宫内硬化。
      • Cervical cancer occurs when cells of the cervix grow abnormally and develop the ability to invade nearby tissues, or spread to other parts of the body. Worldwide, cervical cancer is the second-most common type of cancer in females and the fourth-most common cause of cancer death in females. Early on, cervical cancer often has no symptoms; later, symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding and pain are likely.
        ::子宫颈癌发生于子宫颈癌细胞异常生长并发展了侵入附近组织的能力,或蔓延到身体其他部位;在全世界,宫颈癌是女性第二大常见癌症类型,也是女性癌症死亡的第四大常见原因;早期宫颈癌通常没有症状;后来,可能出现诸如阴道出血和疼痛等异常症状。
        • Most cases of cervical cancer occur because of infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), so the HPV vaccine is expected to greatly reduce the incidence of the disease. Other risk factors include smoking and a weakened immune system. A Pap smear can diagnose cervical cancer at an early stage. Where Pap smears are done routinely, cervical cancer death rates have fallen dramatically. Treatment of cervical cancer generally includes surgery, which may be followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy.
          ::宫颈癌的多数病例是人体乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染造成的,因此,HPV疫苗预计会大大降低该疾病的发病率,其他风险因素包括吸烟和免疫系统衰弱,Pap涂片可以早期诊断宫颈癌,在定期进行Pap涂片时,宫颈癌死亡率急剧下降,宫颈癌的治疗通常包括外科手术,随后可能进行辐射治疗或化疗。

        ::宫颈癌的多数病例是人体乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染造成的,因此,HPV疫苗预计会大大降低该疾病的发病率,其他风险因素包括吸烟和免疫系统衰弱,Pap涂片可以早期诊断宫颈癌,在定期进行Pap涂片时,宫颈癌死亡率急剧下降,宫颈癌的治疗通常包括外科手术,随后可能进行辐射治疗或化疗。
      • Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina. A discharge is likely, and there may be itching and pain. About 90 percent of cases of vaginitis are caused by infection with microorganisms, typically by the yeast Candida albicans . A minority of cases are caused by irritants or allergens in products such as soaps, spermicides, or douches.
        ::阴道炎是阴道炎,可能出现排泄物,可能会有痒痒和疼痛,大约90%的阴道炎病例是由微生物感染引起的,主要是由酵母Candida albicans感染,少数病例是由肥皂、杀精剂或吸精剂等产品的刺激性或过敏性引起的。
        • Diagnosis of vaginitis may be based on characteristics of the discharge, which can be examined microscopically or cultured. Treatment of vaginitis depends on the cause, and is usually an oral or topical anti-fungal or antibiotic medication.
          ::对阴道炎的诊断可能基于排泄的特征,可以进行微观检查或培养,对阴道炎的治疗取决于病因,通常是一种口服或局部抗风素或抗生素药物。

        ::对阴道炎的诊断可能基于排泄的特征,可以进行微观检查或培养,对阴道炎的治疗取决于病因,通常是一种口服或局部抗风素或抗生素药物。
      • Endometriosis is a disease in which endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus. This tissue may bleed during the menstrual period and cause inflammation, pain, and scarring. The main symptom of endometriosis is pelvic pain, which may be severe. Endometriosis may also lead to infertility.
        ::内分泌硬化是一种在子宫外生长的内分泌组织疾病,这种组织可能在月经期间出血,造成炎症、疼痛和疤痕。 内分泌硬化的主要症状是骨盆疼痛,可能很严重。 内分泌硬化还可能导致不孕症。
        • Endometriosis is thought to have multiple causes, including genetic mutations. Retrograde menstruation may be the immediate cause of endometrial tissue escaping the uterus and entering the pelvic cavity. Endometriosis is usually treated with surgery to remove the abnormal tissue and medication for pain. If surgery is more conservative than hysterectomy, endometriosis may recur.
          ::内分泌硬化被认为有多种原因,包括遗传突变。内分泌性月经可能是内分泌组织逃离子宫进入腹腔的直接原因。内分泌硬化通常通过手术进行治疗,以除去异常组织和止痛药物。如果外科手术比子宫切除术更保守,内分泌硬化可能会再度发生。

        ::内分泌硬化被认为有多种原因,包括遗传突变。内分泌性月经可能是内分泌组织逃离子宫进入腹腔的直接原因。内分泌硬化通常通过手术进行治疗,以除去异常组织和止痛药物。如果外科手术比子宫切除术更保守,内分泌硬化可能会再度发生。

      ::宫颈癌是女性中第二大常见癌症类型,也是女性中第四大常见癌症死亡原因。 早期宫颈癌通常没有症状; 之后, 诸如阴道异常出血和疼痛等症状可能发生。 大部分宫颈癌病例是由于人类乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的感染,因此HPV疫苗预计会大幅降低该疾病的发病率。 其他风险因素包括吸烟和免疫系统衰弱。 宫颈癌可以在早期诊断宫颈癌。 在进行宫颈癌的常规情况下,宫颈癌死亡率已经大幅下降。 宫颈癌的治疗通常包括手术,随后可能进行辐射治疗或化疗程出血; 胃炎可能发作,可能发作,可能发作和疼痛。 有90%的胃炎炎症病例是由微生物感染引起的, 通常由宫颈部病变异性肝病 。 宫颈癌的局部病或生殖器官变异性病可能由癌症导致。
    • Infertility is the inability of a sexually mature adult to reproduce by natural means. It is defined scientifically and medically as the failure to achieve a successful pregnancy after at least one year of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse.
      ::不孕症是指成年性成年人无法以自然方式生育,在科学和医学上被定义为在正常、无保护的性交至少一年后未能成功怀孕。
    • About 30 percent of infertility in couples is due to female infertility, and another 30 percent is due to male infertility. In the remaining cases, a couple’s infertility is due to problems in both partners or to unknown causes.
      ::夫妇中约30%的不孕症是女性不孕症造成的,另外30%是男性不孕症造成的。 在其余情况下,夫妇不孕症是伴侣双方的问题或原因不明造成的。
    • Male infertility occurs when there are no or too few healthy, motile sperm. This may be caused by problems with spermatogenesis or by blockage of the male reproductive tract that prevents sperm from being ejaculated. Risk factors for male infertility include heavy alcohol use, smoking, certain medications, and advancing age, to name just a few.
      ::男性不孕症发生时,没有或很少有健康的、运动的精子,这可能是由精子产生或男性生殖道受阻塞导致的,防止精子射精,男性不孕症的风险因素包括酗酒、吸烟、某些药物和年龄上升,仅举几个例子。
    • Female infertility occurs due to failure to produce viable eggs by the ovaries or structural problems in the Fallopian tubes or uterus. Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common cause of failure to produce viable eggs. Endometriosis and uterine fibroids are possible causes of structural problems in the Fallopian tubes and uterus. Risk factors for female infertility include smoking, stress, poor diet, and older age, among others.
      ::雌性不育是由于卵巢不生产可行的卵,或是由于输卵管或子宫的结构性问题造成的。多细胞卵综合症是无法生产可行的卵的最常见原因。内分泌硬化和子宫纤维固醇可能是造成输卵管和子宫结构问题的原因。女性不育的风险因素包括吸烟、压力、饮食不良、年龄较大等等。
    • Diagnosing the cause(s) of a couple’s infertility generally requires testing both the man and the woman for potential problems. For men, semen is likely to be examined for adequate numbers of healthy, motile sperm. For women, signs of ovulation are monitored, for example, with an ovulation test kit or ultrasound of the ovaries. For both partners, the reproductive tract may be medically imaged to look for blockages or other abnormalities.
      ::诊断一对夫妇不孕症的原因通常要求男女双方对潜在的问题进行检测。对于男性来说,精液很可能被检测为足够数量的健康和运动精子。对于女性来说,排卵迹象会受到监控,比如用卵巢的卵巢测试箱或卵巢的超声波监测。对于伴侣双方来说,生殖道都可能是医学上的图像,以寻找阻塞或其他异常。
      • Treatments for infertility depend on the cause. For example, if a medical problem is interfering with sperm production, medication may resolve the underlying problem so sperm production is restored. Blockages in either the male or the female reproductive tract can often be treated surgically. If there are problems with ovulation, hormonal treatments may stimulate ovulation.
        ::不孕症的治疗取决于原因,例如,如果医学问题干扰精子生产,药物可以解决根本问题,从而恢复精子生产,对男性或女性生殖道的阻塞往往可以进行外科治疗,如果排卵有问题,荷尔蒙治疗可能会刺激排卵。
      • Some cases of infertility are treated with assisted reproductive technology (ART). This is a collection of medical procedures in which eggs and sperm are taken from the couple and manipulated in a lab to increase the chances of fertilization occurring and an embryo forming. Other approaches for certain causes of infertility include the use of a surrogate mother, gestational carrier, or sperm donation.
        ::一些不孕症得到辅助生殖技术的治疗,这是一系列医疗程序,其中从夫妇中取出卵子和精子,在实验室中操纵,以增加发生受孕和胚胎形成的机会,其他一些不孕症的原因包括使用代孕母亲、妊娠载体或精子捐赠。

      ::不孕症的治疗取决于原因。例如,如果医疗问题干扰精子的生产,药物可以解决根本问题,从而恢复精子的生产。通常可以对男性或女性生殖道的阻塞进行外科治疗。如果排卵有问题,荷尔蒙治疗可能会刺激排卵。有些不孕症是用辅助生殖技术治疗的。这是一种医疗程序,从夫妇身上取出卵子和精子,并在实验室中操纵,以增加生殖和胚胎形成的机会。某些不孕症的其他方法包括使用代孕母、孕期载体或捐精子。
    • Infertility can negatively impact a couple socially and psychologically, and it may be a major cause of marital friction or even divorce. Infertility treatments may raise ethical issues relating to the costs of the procedures and the status of embryos that are created  in vitro  but not used for pregnancy. Infertility is an under-appreciated problem in developing countries where birth rates are high and children have high economic as well as social value. In these countries, poor health care is likely to lead to more problems with infertility and fewer options for treatment.
      ::不孕症可能对夫妇的社会和心理产生消极影响,这可能是婚姻摩擦甚至离婚的一个主要原因;不孕症治疗可能引起与手术费用有关的伦理问题,以及体外生成但不用于怀孕的胚胎的状况;不孕症在生育率高、儿童具有较高的经济和社会价值的发展中国家是一个认识不足的问题;在这些国家,保健不良可能导致更多的不孕症和较少的治疗选择。
    • More than half of all fertile couples worldwide use contraception (birth control), which is any method or device used to prevent pregnancy. Different methods of contraception vary in their effectiveness, typically expressed as the failure rate, or the percentage of women who become pregnant using a given method during the first year of use. For most methods, the failure rate with typical use is much higher than the failure rate with perfect use.
      ::全世界半数以上的育龄夫妇使用避孕(生育控制),这是预防怀孕的任何方法或手段,不同避孕方法的效果各不相同,通常表现为失灵率,或者在第一年使用特定方法时怀孕的妇女比例,对大多数方法来说,典型使用失败率大大高于完全使用失败率。
    • Types of birth control methods include barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, behavioral methods, and sterilization. Except for sterilization, all of the methods are reversible.
      ::节育方法的类型包括屏障方法、荷尔蒙方法、宫内避孕器、行为方法和绝育,除绝育外,所有方法都是可逆的。
      • Barrier methods are devices that block sperm from entering the uterus. They include condoms and diaphragms. Of all birth control methods, only condoms can also prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections.
        ::屏障法是阻止精子进入子宫的装置,包括避孕套和隔膜,在所有节育方法中,只有避孕套也能防止性传播感染的蔓延。
      • Hormonal methods involve the administration of hormones to prevent ovulation. Hormones can be administered in various ways, such as in an injection, through a skin patch, or, most commonly, in birth control pills. There are two types of birth control pills: those that contain estrogen and progesterone, and those that contain only progesterone. Both types are equally effective, but they have different potential side effects.
        ::荷尔蒙方法涉及对荷尔蒙的施用,以防止排卵,荷尔蒙可以以各种方式施用,例如注射、通过皮肤补丁或最常见的节育药。 有两种避孕药:含有雌激素和蛋白酮的避孕药,以及仅含有蛋白酮的避孕药。这两种药物同样有效,但具有不同的潜在副作用。
      • An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small T-shaped plastic structure containing copper or a hormone that is inserted into the uterus by a physician and left in place for months or even years. It is highly effective even with typical use, but it does have some risks, such as increased menstrual bleeding and, rarely, perforation of the uterus.
        ::宫内避孕器(IUD)是一种小T型塑料结构,内含铜或激素,由医生插入子宫,并留置数月甚至数年,即使通常使用,也非常有效,但确实存在一些风险,如月经出血增加,而且很少对子宫穿孔。
      • Behavioral methods involve regulating the timing or method of intercourse to prevent introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract, either altogether or when an egg may be present. In fertility awareness methods, unprotected intercourse is avoided during the most fertile days of the cycle as estimated by basal body temperature or the characteristics of cervical mucus. In withdrawal, the penis is withdrawn from the vagina before ejaculation occurs. Behavioral methods are the least effective methods of contraception.
        ::行为方法涉及调节性交的时间或方法,以防止将精子引入女性生殖器官,无论是全部还是当可能存在蛋时,在提高生育意识的方法中,避免在周期最肥沃的天数内进行无保护的性交,根据巴萨身体温度或宫颈粘液特征的估计,避免在周期最肥沃的天数内进行无保护的性交;在抽取阴茎时,在射精之前,阴茎从阴道中抽出;行为方法是最无效的避孕方法。
      • Sterilization is the most effective contraceptive method, but it requires a surgical procedure and may be irreversible. Male sterility is usually achieved with a vasectomy, in which the vas deferens are clamped or cut to prevent sperm from being ejaculated in semen. Female sterility is usually achieved with a tubal ligation, in which the Fallopian tubes are clamped or cut to prevent sperm from reaching and fertilizing eggs.
        ::绝育是最有效的避孕方法,但需要外科手术,而且可能是不可逆转的。男性绝育通常通过输精管切除术实现,在输精管切除或切除后,防止精子射入精液中;女性绝育通常通过输卵管切除术实现,在输卵管切除或切除时,防止精子到达卵和受精卵。
      • Emergency contraception is any form of contraception that is used after unprotected vaginal intercourse. One method is the “morning after” pill, which is a high-dose birth control pill that can be taken up to five days after unprotected sex. Another method is an IUD, which can be inserted up to five days after unprotected sex. 
        ::紧急避孕是无保护阴道性交后使用的任何避孕形式,一种方法是“后天”避孕药,这是一种高剂量避孕药,可在无保护性行为后5天服用,另一种方法是宫内避孕药,可在无保护性行为后5天插入。

      ::屏障法是阻止精子进入子宫的装置, 包括避孕套和隔膜药。 在所有的节育方法中, 只有避孕套可以防止性传播感染的传播。 荷尔蒙法涉及激素的调用, 防止排卵。 荷尔蒙法可以以各种方式施用, 比如注射, 通过皮肤膏, 或者通常的避孕药丸。 有两种避孕药: 含有雌激素和蛋白酮的避孕药, 以及只含有蛋白酮的避孕药。 这两种避孕药都同样有效, 但是它们具有不同的副作用。 宫内避孕药(IUD)是一种小的T型塑料结构, 含有铜或激素, 被医生插入到子宫内, 几个月甚至几年。 它非常有效, 即使是典型的使用, 但是, 宫内出血管出血, 很少, 宫内肝脏内肝脏病的止痛方法, 通常可以避免 。 宫内肝脏的血压法是 。 在生殖系统化之前, 肝脏法是有效的方法是 。 , 肝脏病变化方法可以避免 。

    In this chapter, you learned how the male and female reproductive systems work together to produce a zygote. In the next chapter, you will learn about how the human organism grows and develops throughout life — from a zygote all the way through old age.
    ::在本章中,你们学会了男女生殖系统如何合作产生一个zygote,在下一章中,你们将了解人类有机体在整个生命中是如何成长和发展的——从zygote一直到老年。

    Chapter Summary Review
    ::" 概述 " 章次

    1. Which glands produce the non-sperm fluids that make up semen? What is the rough percentage of each fluid in semen?
    ::1. 哪些腺产生构成精液的非阴间流体?精液中每液的粗略百分比是多少?

    2. What is one reason why semen's alkalinity  assists in reproduction?
    ::2. 精液碱性有助于生殖的原因是什么?

    3. True or False:  The hormones FSH and LH are involved in regulating the female reproductive system, but not the male reproductive system.
    ::3. 真实或假:HSH和LH的荷尔蒙涉及调节女性生殖系统,但不涉及男性生殖系统。

    4. True or False:  A majority of American males have some cancerous cells in their prostate gland by age 80.
    ::4. 真实或假:大多数美国男性在80岁前在其前列腺中有一些癌症细胞。

    5. True or False:  The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is when menstruation occurs.
    ::5. 真实或假:月经周期的秘密阶段是月经发生时。

    6. Menarche is:
    ::6. 更年期为:

    a. the part of the menstrual cycle known as a period
    ::a. 月经周期中被称为 " 时期 " 的月经周期部分

    b. the first menstrual period
    ::b. 第一个月经期

    c. the conclusion of menstrual periods when a woman is around 50
    ::c. 妇女约50岁时的月经期结束

    d. an anovulatory menstrual cycle
    ::d. 动脉月经周期

    7. Where are sperm located when they develop tails?
    ::7. 尾巴生长时精子的位置在哪里?

    a. the testes
    ::a. 睾丸

    b. the epididymis
    ::b. 相近性

    c. the vas deferens
    ::c. 倒数后推

    d. the seminal vesicles
    ::d. 精细微微囊

    8. For each of the descriptions below, choose whether it applies to the male or female reproductive systems.
    ::8. 对于下文的每一项说明,请选择它是否适用于男性生殖系统还是女性生殖系统。

    a. The gametes are present at birth.
    ::a. 偶数在出生时存在。

    b. Gametogenesis begins at puberty.
    ::b. 从青春期开始产生基因。

    c. The gametes complete meiosis II upon fertilization.
    ::c. 复数组在受精后完成二号结晶。

    d. The mature gametes have a reduced amount of cytoplasm.
    ::d. 成熟的圆锥体的细胞托盘数量减少。

    9. What are three things that pass through the cervical canal of females, going in either direction?
    ::9. 在女性宫颈运河中,朝任一方向走的三件事是什么?

    10. If a man and a woman have unprotected vaginal intercourse, what are the structures of the female reproductive tract, in order, that sperm would move through? (Assume that these sperm do not die prematurely before they reach their final destination.)
    ::10. 如果一男一女进行了无保护的阴道性交,那么女性生殖器官的结构如何? 精子会通过? (假定这些精子在到达最终目的地之前不会过早死亡。 )

    11. O ther than where the cancer originates, w hat is one difference between prostate and testicular cancer?
    ::11. 除了癌症发源地外,前列腺癌和睾丸癌有什么区别?

    12. Progesterone is relatively high...
    ::12. Progesterone相对较高...

    a. in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle
    ::a. 月经周期胎儿阶段

    b. in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle
    ::b. 在月经周期的润滑阶段

    c. during pregnancy
    ::c. 怀孕期间

    d. B and C
    ::d. B和C

    13. If a woman is checking her basal body temperature each morning as form of contraception, and today is day 12 of her menstrual cycle and her basal body temperature is still low, is it safe for her to have unprotected sexual intercourse today? Why or why not?
    ::13. 如果一个女人每天早上检查其巴萨体温作为避孕形式,而今天是其月经周期的第12天,而且其巴萨体温仍然很低,那么她今天是否安全进行无保护的性交?为什么或为什么不能?

    14. True or False:  If a young woman does not get pregnant after nine months of regular, unprotected intercourse, the couple will be diagnosed with infertility.
    ::14. 真实或假的:如果年轻妇女在正常、无保护的性交9个月后没有怀孕,夫妇将被诊断为不孕。

    15. True or False:  In the developing male fetus, the gonads start out as ovaries, but then differentiate into testes because of the Y chromosome.
    ::15. 真实或假的:在发展中的男性胎儿中,坏蛋最初是卵巢,但后来由于Y染色体而区分为睾丸。

    16. True or False:  A cause of endometriosis can be retrograde menstruation, where some of the endometrial tissue flows backward from the uterus out through the Fallopian tubes.
    ::16. 真实或假:内分泌硬化的一个原因可以是逆经,即有些内分泌组织从子宫通过输卵管向后流动。

    17. Where are sperm produced?
    ::17. 精子在哪里生产?

    a. the seminal vesicles
    ::a. 精细微囊

    b. the spermatogonium
    ::b. 精子

    c. the epididymis
    ::c. 相近性

    d. the seminiferous tubules
    ::d. 半圆形管

    18. Which of the following methods of contraception is the most effective, while also being reversible?
    ::18. 下列哪些避孕方法最有效,但也可以逆转?

    a. withdrawal
    ::a. 退出

    b. tubal ligation
    ::b. 输卵管结扎

    c. intrauterine device
    ::c. 宫内避孕器

    d. condoms
    ::d. 避孕套

    19. Where is a diaphragm placed? How does it work to prevent pregnancy?
    ::19. 隔膜放在何处?如何防止怀孕?

    20. Why are the testes located outside of the body?
    ::20. 为什么睾丸位于身体外?

    21. Why is it important to properly diagnose the causative agent when a woman has vaginitis?
    ::21. 当妇女患有阴道炎时,为什么必须正确诊断病因因素?

    22 . True or False:  When a baby nurses, the stimulation negatively feeds back to decrease milk flow to the nipple.
    ::22. 真实或假:当一名婴儿护士时,刺激因素会反弹,减少奶头的牛奶流量。

    23. True or False:  Part of the penis is located inside of the male body.
    ::23. 真实或假:阴茎的一部分位于男性身体内。

    24. What is the best description of what occurs at menopause?
    ::24. 更年期发生的事情的最佳描述是什么?

    a. Eggs stop maturing in the ovaries on a monthly basis.
    ::a. 卵蛋每月停止在卵巢中成熟。

    b. Oogenesis stops occurring.
    ::b. 产生停止发生。

    c. Ovulated eggs cannot be fertilized, so they are automatically reabsorbed.
    ::c. 卵不能受精,因此它们自动重新吸收。

    d. The endometrium can no longer support a fetus, so fertilized eggs cannot implant.
    ::d. 子宫内分子无法再养活胎儿,因此受精卵不能植入。

    25. The transition from spermatid to sperm involves ________________. 
    ::25. 从精子向精子的过渡涉及_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    a. mitosis
    ::a. 分裂症

    b. meiosis I
    ::b. 诊断一

    c. meiosis II
    ::c. 锥病II

    d. no cell division
    ::d. 不设牢房分区

    26. Describe two ways in which sperm can move through the male and/or female reproductive tracts.  
    ::26. 描述精子通过男性和/或女性生殖道流动的两种方式。