8.13地下水含水层
Section outline
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Do you take water for granted?
::你是否认为水是理所当然的?In some parts of the world, gathering water for the family is a process that takes several hours. This is usually considered to be women's work. What are you doing during the hours that girls your age might be helping their mothers gather water?
::在世界某些地区,为家庭取水的过程需要几个小时,通常被认为是妇女的工作,在女孩可能帮助母亲取水的时间里,你在做什么?Aquifer
::含水层An underground layer of that is saturated with is called an aquifer . A diagram of an aquifer is pictured below ( Figure ). Aquifers are generally found in porous rock, such as sandstone. Water infiltrates the aquifer from the surface. The water that enters the aquifer is called recharge .
::含水层图如下(图)。含水层一般见于多孔岩石,如沙岩。水从地表渗入含水层。进入含水层的水称为补给。An aquifer is a layer of saturated porous rock. It lies below the water table. An impermeable layer, such as clay, is below the aquifer.
::含水层是饱和的多孔岩层,位于水位下方,粘土等渗透性层位于含水层下方。Human Use of Aquifers
::人为使用含水层Most land areas have aquifers beneath them. Many aquifers are used by people for fresh water. The closer to the surface an aquifer is, the easier it is to get the water. However, an aquifer close to the surface is also more likely to become polluted. Pollutants can seep down through porous rock in recharge water.
::大多数陆地地区地下有含水层,许多含水层被人们用于淡水,含水层越靠近地表,取水越容易,但靠近地表的含水层也更有可能受到污染。An aquifer that is used by people may not be recharged as quickly as its water is removed. The water table may lower and the aquifer may even run dry. If this happens, the ground above the aquifer may sink. This is likely to damage any homes or other structures built above the aquifer.
::人类使用的含水层不得在取走其水后立即进行补给,水位可能更低,含水层甚至可能干涸,如果发生这种情况,含水层上方的地面可能下沉,这有可能损害含水层上方建造的任何房屋或其他结构。Wells
::井井Most groundwater does not flow out of an aquifer as a spring or geyser . So to use the water that's stored in an aquifer, people must go after it. How? They dig a well. A well ( Figure ) is a hole that is dug or drilled through the ground down to an aquifer.
::大部分地下水不是作为泉水或喷泉从含水层流出,因此,要使用含水层中储存的水,人们必须去寻找。他们怎么挖井。水井(图)是地下挖掘或钻入含水层的洞。A well runs from the surface to a point below the water table. Why must a well go lower than the water table?
::井从表层流到水位下的一个点,为什么井必须低于水位?People have depended on water from wells for thousands of years. To bring water to the surface takes energy because the force of gravity must be overcome. Today, many wells use electricity to pump water to the surface. However, in some places, water is still brought to the surface the old-fashioned way—with human labor. The well pictured below ( Figure ) is an example of this type of well. A hand-cranked pulley is used to lift the bucket of water to the surface.
::数千年来人们一直依赖井水。 将水带到地表需要能量,因为必须克服引力。 如今,许多水井用电将水泵到地表。 然而,在有些地方,水仍然用老式的人工方式被带到地表。下面的图象(图)就是这种水井的一个例子。 用手排滑轮把水桶抬到地表。This old water well uses human muscle power to bring water to the surface.
::这个古老的水井 利用人类肌肉的力量 将水带到地表Summary
::摘要- An aquifer is a saturated layer of rock or soil.
::1. 含水层是一块饱和的岩石或土壤层。
- Most groundwater use is from wells.
::大多数地下水使用来自水井。
- People use fresh water from aquifers from springs or wells.
::人们使用泉水或水井含水层的淡水。
Review
::回顾- How does water enter an aquifer?
::水如何进入含水层?
- What happens to the water table in an extremely wet year? In an extremely dry one?
::潮湿的一年,水位会怎样?
- How do people get water from a well?
::人们如何从井里取水?
Explore More
::探索更多Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
::利用以下资源回答以下问题。- How has irrigation changed farming?
::灌溉如何改变了耕作方式?
- What is leading to people's demands for additional water?
::是什么导致人们需要额外的水?
- What is the GRACE satellite doing?
::GRASCE卫星在干嘛?
- How does GRACE find groundwater aquifers?
::GRAMEE如何找到地下水含水层?
- How people in India know the aquifers are being depleted?
::印度人民如何知道含水层正在枯竭?
- What is the future of water?
::水的未来是什么?
- An aquifer is a saturated layer of rock or soil.
