8.18保护水不受污染
Section outline
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How could a river burn?
::河怎么会燃烧?In the mid 1900s, rivers sometimes caught fire. The Cuyahoga River did several times. The river was so full of oil and industrial waste that it was flammable. Nothing could live in it. A fire on the Cuyahoga River in 1969 gained national attention. Something had to be done to protect the water supply.
::19世纪中叶,河流有时会着火,库亚霍加河曾发生过几次,河上充满了石油和工业废物,因此是易燃的,没有任何东西可以生活在河中,1969年库亚霍加河的火灾引起了全国的注意,必须采取行动保护供水。Protecting the Water Supply
::保护供水The water supply can be harmed in two major ways. The water can be polluted, and it can be overused. Protecting the water supply must address both problems. We need to reduce how much pollution ends up in the water supply—keeping water from being polluted is easier and cheaper than cleaning it. We need to treat water that’s already polluted. We need to conserve water by using less.
::水的供应可能以两种主要方式受到损害。 水可能会被污染,并且可能被过度使用。 保护水的供应必须解决这两个问题。 我们需要减少供水中污染的污染,避免污染比清洁更容易,成本更低。 我们需要处理已经污染的水。 我们需要通过减少用水来节约用水。Controlling Water Pollution
::控制水污染Disasters, such as rivers burning, led to new U.S. laws to protect the water. For example, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established, and the Clean Water Act was passed. Now, water is routinely tested. Pollution is tracked to its source , and polluters are forced to fix the problem and clean up the pollution. They are also fined. These consequences have led industries, agriculture, and communities to pollute the water much less than before.
::诸如河流燃烧等灾害导致了美国保护水的新法律。 比如,成立了环境保护局(EPA),并通过了《清洁水法 》 。 现在,水被例行测试。 污染被追踪到源头,污染者被迫解决问题和清理污染。 污染者也被罚款。 这些后果导致工业、农业和社区污染水量比以前要少得多。The Clean Water Act
::《清洁水法》Keeping water clean often requires laws. Laws ensure that people behave responsibly. The Clean Water Act regulates in the U.S. The law allows the EPA to set standards for water quality. The EPA regulates the pollutants that can enter waterways. The agency can provide money for wastewater treatment plants. The law was passed in 1972.
::保持水的清洁往往需要法律,法律确保人们行为负责任。《清洁水法》在美国规定清洁水法,该法允许环保局制定水质标准。环保局管理可进入水道的污染物。该机构可以为废水处理厂提供资金。该法于1972年通过。International groups are trying to improve global water quality. The United Nations and other groups provide the technology for treating water. They educate people in how to protect and improve their water ( Figure ).
::国际团体正在努力改善全球水质,联合国和其他团体提供水处理技术,教育人们如何保护和改善其水(图)。Scientists control water pollution by sampling the water and studying the pollutants that are in the water.
::科学家通过对水进行取样和研究水中的污染物来控制水污染。Water Treatment
::水处理Water treatment is a series of processes that remove unwanted substances from water. The goal of water treatment is to make the water safe to return to the natural environment or to the human water supply. Treating water for other purposes may not include all the same steps. That’s because water used in agriculture or industry may not have to be as clean as drinking water.
::水处理是一系列从水中去除不想要的物质的过程,水处理的目标是使水安全地返回自然环境或人类的供水。 为其他目的处理水可能并不包括所有相同的步骤。 这是因为农业或工业用水可能不必像饮用水那样干净。Below, you can see how water for drinking is treated ( Figure ). Treating drinking water requires at least four processes:
::以下您可以看到饮用水是如何处理的(图 )。处理饮用水至少需要四个过程:- Chemicals are added to untreated water. They cause solids in the water to clump together. This is called coagulation .
::化学品被添加到未经处理的水中,导致水中的固体堆积在一起,这称为凝固。
- The water is moved to tanks. The clumped solids sink to the bottom of the water. This is called sedimentation .
::水被移到水箱中,排水的固体沉入水底,称为沉积。
- The water is passed through filters that remove smaller particles from the water. This is called filtration .
::水经过过滤器,从水中清除小粒子。这叫做过滤。
- Chlorine is added to the water to kill bacteria and other microbes. This is called disinfection . Finally, the water is pure enough to drink.
::氯被添加到水中,以杀死细菌和其他微生物,这叫消毒,最后,水是纯净的,足以饮用。
Four processes are used to treat water to make it safe for drinking.
::使用四种工艺处理水,使其安全饮用。What Can You Do?
::你能帮什么忙?What can individuals do to protect water quality?
::个人可以做些什么来保护水质?- Dispose of motor oil and household chemicals properly. Phone your community for instructions.
::妥善处置机油和家用化学品。请联系您所在社区获取指示。
- Use lawn, garden, and farm chemicals sparingly. Use them wisely. Excess chemicals will run off into the water supply.
::节约使用草坪、花园和农用化学品。 明智地使用这些化学品。 过多的化学品会流入水供应中。
- Repair automobile or boat engine leaks immediately.
::汽车修理或船引擎立即漏水
- Keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of street gutters and storm drains.
::留下垃圾、宠物废物、叶子和草片,
Science Friday: Poop and Paddle: An Eco-Friendly Floating Toilet
::科学周五:Poop and paddle:生态友好浮动厕所How do wetlands filter water? In this video by Science Friday, inventor Adam Katzman describes how his toilet-boat converts human waste into cattails and clean water.
::湿地如何过滤水?在科学周五的影片中,发明家亚当·卡茨曼描述了他的马桶船如何将人类废物转化为尾巴和清洁水。Summary
::摘要- There are multiple levels of water treatment. Some water is cleaned enough for use on lawns. Some must be made safe for drinking.
::水处理有多种层次,有些水经过清洁,足以用于草坪,有些必须安全饮用。
- Individuals can protect water by following some guidelines.
::个人可以通过遵守一些准则来保护水。
- The Clean Water Act regulates pollutants and provides money for wastewater treatment plants to be built.
::《清洁水法》管理污染物,并为建造废水处理厂提供资金。
- Keeping water from becoming polluted is easier, less expensive, and safer than cleaning it once it is polluted.
::防止水受到污染比污染后清理水更容易、更便宜、更安全。
Review
::回顾- How is water treatment better than water cleanup later?
::如何使水处理比以后的清水更好?
- How is wastewater treated?
::废水是如何处理的?
- What can you do to protect water quality?
::你能做些什么来保护水质?
- What is the purpose of the Clean Water Act?
::《清洁水法》的目的是什么?
Explore More
::探索更多- How old is the Clean Water Act today?
::今天的《清洁水法》几岁了?
- What event was one of the springboards that led to the designing of the Clean Water Act?
::导致设计《清洁水法》的跳板之一是什么事件?
- What is a second event that was a springboard that led to the designing of the Clean Water Act?
::第二个事件是什么,是导致设计《清洁水法》的跳板?
- How do laws, like the Clean Water Act, pass and then evolve?
::《清洁水法》等法律如何通过和演变?
- Why might it be important to protect an entire watershed rather than just one location on one stream?
::为什么必须保护整个流域,而不仅仅是一个河流上的一个位置?
- What principles might a nation have that would lead it to protect its water?
::一个国家有什么原则可以引导它保护其水?
- Why is it difficult to regulate water in a country like the United States?
::为什么像美国这样的国家很难对水进行管理?
- Besides regulation, what do you need to get communities to protect their water?
::除了监管之外,你还需要什么才能让社区保护他们的水?
- Chemicals are added to untreated water. They cause solids in the water to clump together. This is called coagulation .
