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  • 清理地下水

    Would you drink this water?
    ::你会喝这水吗?

    Cleaning  water  is not easy. Cleaning   is especially difficult. If you want to drink clean water, groundwater must not become polluted. Or it must be cleaned.
    ::清洁用水并非易事,清洁尤其困难。如果你想喝清洁水,地下水不得被污染。或者必须清理地下水。

    Groundwater Pollution
    ::地下水污染

    Pollutants in surface water can filter into the ground and enter a groundwater  aquifer .  Irrigation  water can bring  pesticides  and other chemicals. Water can seep through landfills. Tanks of  gasoline  stored underground can leak.
    ::地表水中的污染物可以过滤到地面,进入地下水蓄水层。灌溉水可以带来杀虫剂和其他化学品。水可以通过填埋场渗出。地下储存的汽油罐可能渗漏。

    Pollutants can be filtered out of water that travels through   and  soil . Filtering is very effective, but it doesn't get out all of the pollutants.
    ::过滤非常有效,但它并不能从所有污染物中排除出来。

    Pollutants that enter an aquifer spread outward from the  source . They spread in the direction the water is moving.
    ::渗入含水层的污染物从源头向外扩散,向水的方向扩散。

    Cleaning Groundwater
    ::清洁地下水

    It is a lot easier and cheaper not to pollute surface water than it is to clean it. That is even truer for groundwater. To clean groundwater, the water must be cleaned. Also, the rock and soil it travels through must be cleaned. Then the toxic rock and soil must be put somewhere. Cleaning polluted groundwater is expensive and can take years. Sometimes it can't even be done.
    ::不污染地表水比净化地表水要容易得多,费用也低得多。对于地下水来说,这甚至更为正确。为了清理地下水,必须清理水。此外,必须清理它穿过的岩石和土壤。然后必须把有毒的岩石和土壤放置在某个地方。清理被污染的地下水费用昂贵,需要数年时间。有时甚至不能清理。

    Stages of Groundwater Cleaning
    ::地下水净化阶段

    To clean groundwater you must:
    ::为了清洁地下水,你必须:

    • Eliminate the pollution source: An underground tank must be pumped dry and then dug out from the ground. A factory must be required to stop releasing toxic chemicals. Farms must be more careful about the chemicals they put on their fields.
      ::消除污染源:地下坦克必须被抽干,然后从地面挖出来。 工厂必须停止释放有毒化学物质。 农场必须更加小心地注意田地上的化学物质。
    • Monitor the extent of the pollutant: Scientists test water in wells. Sometimes they drill wells to test water. They learn how the groundwater is flowing: how fast and in what direction. They study the contaminants in the groundwater. Then they determine where the contaminant plume is going.
      ::监测污染物的范围:科学家在水井中测试水。有时他们钻井测试水。他们知道地下水是如何流动的:速度和方向。他们研究地下水中的污染物。然后他们确定污染物羽流流向何处。

    Monitoring equipment for groundwater, used to test pollution levels and water flow.

     

    Test wells are drilled to monitor groundwater pollution.
    ::钻探试验井以监测地下水污染。

    • Engage in  remediation : A barrier is constructed in the aquifer. This isolates the contaminated groundwater from the rest of the aquifer. The contaminated groundwater must be treated.  Remediation  is correcting a problem.
      • The cheapest and easiest way is to treat the water in the aquifer.
        • Bioremediation  is one way of treating the water in the aquifer. Microorganisms are bioengineered to eat the pollutant. The organisms are injected into the contaminated region. They consume the pollutant. Bioremediation is short for biological remediation.
          ::生物补救是处理含水层水的一种方法,微生物是生物工程,可以食用污染物,生物被注入受污染区域,消耗污染物,生物补救是生物补救的短处。
        • Chemical remediation  can also treat water in the aquifer. A chemical is pumped into the aquifer. The chemical destroys the contaminant.
          ::化学补救也可以处理含水层中的水,一种化学品被泵入含水层,该化学品销毁污染物。

        ::最便宜和最容易的方式是处理含水层的水,生物补救是处理含水层水的一种方式,微生物是生物工程,可以食用污染物,微生物被注入污染地区,它们消耗污染物,生物补救是生物补救的捷径,化学补救也可以处理含水层的水,化学补救也可以处理含水层的水,一种化学品被注入含水层,该化学品销毁污染物。
      • It is much more difficult and expensive to remove the water from the aquifer and then treat it. The water is pumped to the surface. It is then cleansed using chemical or biological methods. It is re-injected into the aquifer. The contaminated rock and soil must be dug up and the pollutant destroyed. Then it is returned to the ground. This is done only in extreme cases.
        ::将含水层的水从含水层中取出并加以处理更为困难和昂贵,水被泵到地表,然后用化学或生物方法加以清洗,再注入含水层,必须挖出被污染的岩石和土壤,销毁污染物,然后返回地面,只有在极端情况下才会这样做。

      ::从事补救工作:在含水层内建造屏障,将受污染的地下水与含水层的其他部分隔开;必须处理受污染的地下水;必须处理受污染的地下水;必须纠正问题;补救是纠正问题;最廉价和最简便的方法是处理含水层中的水;生物补救是处理含水层中水的一种方法;微生物是生物工程,可以食用污染物;有机体被注入受污染区域;它们消耗污染物;生物补救是生物补救的不足;生物补救也可以处理含水层中的水;化学补救也可以处理含水层中的水;化学补救可以将一种化学品抽进含水层;化学补救将污染物抽进含水层,然后将污染物处理起来,费用更高;从含水层中取出水,然后将水抽到地表,然后用化学或生物方法清洗;再将微生物注入含水层中;必须挖出受污染的岩石和土壤,然后销毁污染物;然后将污染物送回地面;只有在极端的情况下才能这样做。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • To clean groundwater: remove the pollutant source, monitor the pollutant, and perform remediation.
      ::清洁地下水:清除污染物源,监测污染物并进行补救。
    • Scientists test the water in many wells to see where the contaminant is. They do this to tell where the contaminant is. Over time they can tell which direction the contaminant is moving.
      ::科学家在许多水井中测试水,以观察污染物的位置。他们这样做是为了知道污染物的位置。随着时间推移,他们可以知道污染物移动的方向。
    • Cleaning groundwater in an aquifer requires bioremediation or chemical remediation. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to consume a pollutant. Chemical remediation destroys the contaminant.
      ::清理含水层中的地下水需要生物补救或化学补救,生物补救利用微生物来消耗污染物,化学补救销毁污染物。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Why do contaminated soil or rock need to be cleaned in an aquifer?
      ::为什么受污染的土壤或岩石需要在含水层中清洗?
    1. What are the two types of remediation that can take place in an aquifer?
      ::在含水层中可以采取的两种补救方法是什么?
    1. How do scientists monitor the contaminants in an aquifer?
      ::科学家如何监测含水层中的污染物?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    1. What was the Hanford site used for?
      ::汉福德站点是用来做什么的?
    1. What river needs to be protected? What is it used for?
      ::需要保护哪条河?它用于什么?
    1. By what routes did contamination get into the groundwater?
      ::污染通过什么途径进入地下水?
    1. In the video, contamination decreased from 80 to 65 square miles. What was the main reason for that?
      ::在录像中,污染从80平方英里减少到65平方英里。
    1. What is the goal at Hanford?
      ::在汉福德的目标是什么?
    1. What is being done to clean the contaminated groundwater?
      ::正在采取什么措施来清理被污染的地下水?
    1. How are barriers used to clean groundwater?
      ::如何使用障碍来清洁地下水?