1.8 什么是科学家?
章节大纲
-
What is a scientist?
::什么是科学家?It could be said that a scientist is someone who uses a systematic approach to acquire new knowledge. A scientist can also be defined as someone who uses the . A scientist may be an expert in one or more areas of science , such as biology , or more specifically biochemistry , genetics or ecology . Regardless of the specialty of the scientist, a common factor that unites all scientists is that they perform research to work towards a more comprehensive understanding of nature.
::可以说,科学家是使用系统方法获取新知识的人,科学家也可以被定义为使用该知识的人。科学家可以是生物学等一个或多个科学领域的专家,或者更具体地说,是生物化学、遗传学或生态学领域的专家。不管科学家的专长如何,将所有科学家团结在一起的一个共同因素是,他们开展研究,以便更全面地了解自然。What Is a Scientist?
::什么是科学家?Science and Society
::科学与社会Biology literally means "the study of life." It is also a science that is consistently used in our everyday lives. Biology is a very broad field, covering topics from the intricate workings of chemical processes inside our , to the more broad concepts of and global climate change. Biologists study minute details of the human brain , the make up of our genes , and even the functioning of our reproductive system . For example, biologists recently finished decoding the , the sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bases that may determine much of our abilities and predispositions for certain illnesses and can also play a major role in many court cases. For example, criminals have been caught, victims identified, and wrongly imprisoned people have been freed based on evidence .
::生物学的字面意思是“生命研究 ” 。 生物学也是我们日常生活中一直使用的一个科学。生物学是一个非常广泛的领域,涉及从我们体内化学过程的复杂操作到更广泛的气候变化概念和全球气候变化的更广泛概念。生物学家研究人类大脑的细小细节、我们基因的构成,甚至我们生殖系统的功能。例如,生物学家最近完成解码,脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)基础的序列,这些基础可能决定我们对某些疾病的能力和准备程度,也可以在许多法庭案件中发挥重要作用。例如,罪犯已经被抓获,受害者已经查明,被错误监禁的人已经根据证据被释放。We are constantly being blitzed with headlines about possible health risks from certain foods as well as possible benefits of eating other foods. Commercials try to sell us the latest “miracle” pill for easy, fast weight loss. Most people may choose the conventional medications that can be bought at the pharmacy. However, many people are turning to herbal remedies to ease arthritis pain, improve memory, as well as improve their mood. It is important to know the effects that such supplements, such as the ones shown in Figure , and medications can have on the body.
::我们不断受到关于某些食物可能造成的健康风险以及食用其他食物可能带来的益处的头条新闻的抨击。 商业公司试图向我们出售最新的“奇迹”药丸,以方便、快速的减肥。 大多数人可以选择在药店购买的常规药物。 然而,许多人正在转向草药疗法,以缓解关节炎疼痛,改善记忆,以及改善他们的情绪。 重要的是要知道这些补充药物,如图中所示的药物和药物对身体的影响。Nutritional supplements. Understanding how your body works and how nutrients work will help you decide whether you need to take a nutritional supplement. It will also help you make sense of the large amount of information available about regular medicines, if and when you need to take them. Can just one biology course give you the answers to these everyday questions? No, but it can assist you in learning how to sift through the biases of investigators, the press, and others in a quest to critically evaluate the question. It is doubtful you would remember all the details of metabolism , neither are they necessarily very pertinent. However, in participating in a biology course, you will learn to become a critical thinker. Knowing about the process of science will also allow you to make a more informed decision. Will you be a scientist? Yes, in a way. You may not be formally trained as a scientist, but you will be able to think critically, solve problems, have some idea about what science can and cannot do, and you will also have an understanding of the role of biology in your everyday life.
::仅一个生物学课程能给你这些日常问题的答案吗? 不,但它能帮助你通过调查人员、新闻界和其他人的偏见来筛选如何筛选问题。你可能记不起新陈代谢的所有细节,它们也不一定非常相关。不过,参加生物学课程时,你会学会成为批判性思维者。了解科学过程也会使你作出更明智的决定。你是否是一个科学家?是的,某种意义上说。你可能不会正式成为一名科学家,但你会思考关键,解决问题,知道科学能做什么,不能做什么。你也会了解生物学在日常生活中的作用。Biology and You
::生物学与你So why should you study biology? Because you are surrounded by it every day! It is about what happens in your brain as you read the words on this page, and about how hippopotamuses know to come up to the surface to breathe even while sleeping. Biology covers topics from the reason why a person with hook worms doesn't sneeze as much, to why Velcro works. From understanding the benefits of the vitamin-enriched milk or juice that you have at breakfast, to discerning commercials that promise a fuller head of hair, to snack foods that announce they are the "healthier option for you," you cannot be fully informed about such claims unless you understand the science behind them, or can think like a scientist to analyze them. For example, you would need to know the types of fats you need to get from your food to know why eating salmon, or other foods such as flax seeds and kiwi fruit may be good for your health.
::那么为什么你还要研究生物学呢?因为你每天都被生物学环绕着呢?这是因为你每天都在研究生物学。这是因为你读到这个页面上的文字时,大脑中发生了什么事情, 以及河马在睡觉时如何在睡梦中到地表上呼吸。生物学包括一个有钩虫的人没有打喷嚏那么多的原因,到Velcro工作的原因。从理解你早餐时的维生素丰富牛奶或果汁的好处,到发现保证发型更充实的广告,到说它们是“更健康的选择”的零食,你无法完全了解这些说法,除非你了解它们背后的科学,或者能够像科学家一样去分析它们。例如,你需要了解你从食物中获取的脂肪类型,才能知道为什么吃鲑鱼,或者吃其他食物,比如松菜和果,对健康有好处。Salmon has recently been touted as “super-brain food,” but do you know why it is so good for you? Educating yourself on how science affects your life is important. It will help you better analyze the validity of such claims, help you take better care of your health, and be a wiser healthcare consumer. You may also become a stronger advocate for your community. For example, if a tree planting initiative has begun in your neighborhood, you can investigate the plan for your area and find out what you can do. You could then explain what the program is about to your friends and family.
::您也可以成为自己社区的更有力的倡导者。例如,如果在您的邻里开始植树活动,您可以调查您所在地区的计划,并了解您能做些什么。然后您可以向您的朋友和家人解释这个方案的目的是什么。Or, perhaps a city park has fallen into disrepair, and city officials are looking for feedback from the public about what to do with it. You could use scientific thinking to analyze the issue and options, and develop possible solutions.
::或者,也许一个城市公园失修了,而城市官员正在寻找公众的反馈。 你可以利用科学思维来分析问题和选择,并开发可能的解决方案。What Is a Scientist?
::什么是科学家?What exactly makes a person a scientist and what is their role in society ? Some popular media may depict them as crazed geniuses with bad hair and a fondness for hysterical laughter, as the Figure might suggest, but this is an inaccurate representation. A scientist is a regular person who uses the scientific method for their work or life. They went to school like you, they studied math, reading, and science like you, and they may have exhibited at science fairs, just like the students in the Figure .
::究竟是什么使一个人成为科学家,他们的社会角色是什么?一些大众传媒可能把他们描绘成疯狂的天才,头发坏,喜欢歇斯底里的笑声,如图所示,但这是一个不准确的表述。科学家是正常人,他们使用科学方法工作或生活。他们像你一样上学,他们学习数学、阅读和科学,他们可能在科学博览会上展出,就像图中的学生一样。Spot the Scientist. (a) A popular but inaccurate depiction of a mad scientist. (b) Real-life young scientists at an exhibition where they are presenting their research. Being a scientist does not require you to learn everything in these over 500 concepts or any other science book by heart, but understanding the important concepts does helps. Instead, being a scientist begins by thinking like a scientist. Scientists are curious about how the world works; they have many questions and go about answering those questions using the scientific methods.
::作为科学家,并不需要你一心一意地学习500多个概念或其他科学书籍中的一切,但理解这些重要概念确实有帮助。 相反,作为一个科学家,其出发点是像科学家一样思考。 科学家们对世界如何运作感到好奇;他们有很多问题,并用科学方法回答那些问题。If you are fascinated by how things work and why they work a certain way, you too could become a scientist! Research scientists are the people that do the investigations and make the discoveries that you read or hear about. To work as a research scientist, a person usually needs an advanced degree in science. An advanced degree is obtained by attending graduate school after getting a Bachelor of Science, Engineering, or Arts degree. A Bachelor degree normally takes four years to complete, a graduate Masters degrees usually take two years and a graduate Doctorate degree takes four or more years to complete.
::如果你对事情如何运作以及为什么它们以某种方式运作感到着迷,你也可以成为科学家。 研究科学家是进行调查并发现你所读或听到的发现的人。 作为研究科学家,一个人通常需要科学高级学位。 获得科学、工程或艺术学士学位后,通过进入研究生院获得高级学位。 学士学位通常需要四年才能完成,研究生硕士学位通常需要两年,研究生学位需要四年或四年以上才能完成。Scientific research offers much more to a person than just discovering new things. Researchers have the opportunity to meet with other people (scientists and non-scientists) who care about the same subjects that the scientists research such as research, ecology, or human nutrition. Many researchers also teach students who will become the next generation of scientists. Scientists have many opportunities to work with different people, explore new fields, and broaden their expertise.
::科学研究不仅给一个人提供了更多东西,还给一个人提供了更多新的发现。 研究人员有机会与关心科学家研究的相同课题(如研究、生态学或人类营养)的其他人(科学家和非科学家)见面。 许多研究人员还教学生成为下一代科学家。 科学家有很多机会与不同的人合作,探索新的领域,并扩大其专长。Scientists are part of a community that is based on ideals of trust and freedom, and their work can have a direct effect on society. As a result, the public usually has an interest in the results of research that will directly affect them. Therefore it is important that you can understand the meaning of a story about science when you read it, see it, or hear about it and become an engaged and active member of the public when making decisions involving science.
::科学家是建立在信任和自由理想基础上的社区的一部分,他们的工作可以对社会产生直接的影响。 因此,公众通常对直接影响到他们的研究成果感兴趣。 因此,重要的是,当您阅读、看到或听到科学故事时,你可以理解科学故事的含义,在做出涉及科学的决策时成为公众的积极参与和活跃的成员。Science As a Human Endeavor
::科学作为人类努力Conducting science requires part human creativity and part scientific skepticism. Researchers make new observations and develop new ideas with the aim of describing the world more accurately or completely. These observations and ideas are often based on existing theories and observations that were made by earlier scientists.
::从事科学需要部分人类创造力和部分科学怀疑主义。 研究人员提出新的观察并发展新的想法,目的是更准确或更完整地描述世界。 这些观察和想法往往基于早期科学家的现有理论和观察。The history of molecular biology , for example, is the study of molecules that make up living things, and is a good example of how scientific knowledge builds on earlier knowledge.
::例如,分子生物学的历史就是对构成生物的分子的研究,是科学知识如何利用早期知识的一个很好的例子。Researchers from chemistry and physics were involved in the early investigations to discover what was responsible for heredity . Scientists in the late 19 th and early 20 th century knew that organisms inherited certain characteristics such as hair color from their parents. What we now call "genes" were then called “units of heredity.” However at the time, scientists did not know exactly how these heredity units were inherited or what they were made of. Following the of the Mendelian in the 1910s and the development of atomic theory and quantum mechanics in the 1920s, such explanations began to seem within reach. Researchers from chemistry and physics turned their attention to this biological question. Still, in the 1930s and 1940s it was not clear which, if any, area of research would be most successful.
::化学和物理学的研究人员参与了早期调查,以发现对遗传负责的原因。二十世纪19世纪末和20世纪初,科学家们知道生物从父母那里继承了某些特征,例如毛发颜色。我们现在称之为“遗传单位 ” 。 然而,当时科学家们还不知道这些遗传单位是如何继承的,或者它们是如何形成的。1910年代孟迪利安人和1920年代原子理论和量子力学的发展之后,这种解释开始显现出来。化学和物理学的研究人员把注意力转向了这个生物问题。但是,在1930年代和1940年代,还不清楚哪个研究领域最成功。In 1940, geneticists George Beadle and Edward Tatum demonstrated a relationship between genes and . In 1944, physician and researcher Oswald Avery further elaborated on that finding by demonstrating that genes are made up of DNA. In 1952, geneticist Alfred Hershey and lab assistant Martha Chase confirmed that the genetic material of a that infects is made up of DNA. And in 1953, biologist James Watson and biophysicist Francis Crick, with the help of X-ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin, worked out the three dimensional structure of DNA and built a model of the double helix structure of the molecule.
::1940年,遗传学家George Beadle和Edward Tatum展示了基因与......的关系。1944年,医生和研究员Oswald Avery通过证明基因由DNA组成,进一步阐述了这一发现。1952年,遗传学家Alfred Hershey和实验室助理Martha Chase证实,感染的遗传材料由DNA组成。1953年,生物学家James Watson和生物物理学家Francis Crick在X射线晶体学家Rosalind Franklin的帮助下,制定了DNA的三维结构,建立了分子双螺旋结构模型。There have been many additional discoveries about DNA and heredity since then, which will be discussed in additional concepts.
::此后,还发现了许多关于DNA和遗传的更多发现,将在其他概念中加以讨论。Influences on Scientific Research
::对科学研究的影响To nonscientists, the , frustration, cooperation , and disagreement between research scientists can seem disorganized. Scientific knowledge develops from humans trying to figure things out. Scientific research and discoveries are carried out by people—people who have virtues, values, shortcomings, and limitations—just like everyone else. As a result, science and research can be influenced by the values of the society in which the research is carried out. How do such values influence research?
::对非科学家来说,研究科学家之间的挫折、合作和分歧似乎没有组织。 科学知识从人类中发展而来,试图弄清事情的真相。 科学研究和发现是同其他人一样,由有美德、价值观、缺点和局限性的人进行的。 结果,科学研究可以受到进行研究的社会价值观的影响。 这些价值观如何影响研究呢?This question is of interest to more than just the scientific community. Science is becoming a larger part of everyone’s life, from developing more effective medicines, to developing more productive crops, and to designing innovative air conditioning systems that are modeled after the self-cooling nests of termites. The public has become more interested in learning more about the areas of science that affect everyday life. As a result, scientists have become more accountable to a society that expects to benefit from their work.
::这个问题不仅仅是科学界感兴趣的。 科学正在成为每个人生活的更大一部分,从开发更有效的药物到开发更有成效的作物,到设计以白蚁自冷窝为模范的创新空调系统。 公众越来越有兴趣更多地了解影响日常生活的科学领域。 结果,科学家们对期待从其工作中受益的社会更加负责。It costs money to carry out scientific studies. Things such as the cost of equipment, transportation, rent, and salaries for the people carrying out the research all need to be considered before a study can begin. The systems of financial support for scientists and their work have been important influences of the type of research and the pace of how that research is conducted. Today, funding for research comes from many different sources, some of which include:
::进行科学研究需要花费资金,例如设备、交通、租金和从事研究的人员的工资等费用,在开始研究之前都需要加以考虑。 科学家及其工作的财政支助系统对研究类型和研究进行速度产生了重要影响。 如今,研究资金来自许多不同来源,其中一些来源包括:-
government, for example, through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Food and
Drug
Administration (FDA),
::例如,政府通过国家卫生研究所、疾病控制和预防中心、食品和药品管理局等机构, -
military funding, such as through the Department of Defense,
::军事资助,例如通过国防部, -
corporate sponsorship,
::公司赞助, -
non-profit organizations, such as the Muscular Dystrophy Association, the American Cancer Society and American Heart Association,
::非营利组织,如肌肉萎缩协会、美国癌症协会和美国心脏协会, -
private donors.
::私人捐助者。
When the economy of a country slows down, the amount of money available for funding research is usually reduced, because both governments and businesses try to save funds by reducing certain non-essential expenses.
::当一个国家的经济放缓时,用于资助研究的资金通常会减少,因为政府和企业都试图通过减少某些非基本开支来节省资金。Many pharmaceutical companies are heavily invested in research and development, on which they spend many millions of dollars every year. The companies aim to research and develop drugs that can be marketed and sold to treat certain illnesses, such as , cancer, or heart disease. Areas of research in which the companies do not see any hope of a return on their huge investments are not likely to be studied.
::许多制药公司都在研发方面投入大量资金,每年花费数百万美元。 这些公司的目标是研发可以销售和销售的药物,治疗某些疾病,如癌症或心脏病。 研究领域不可能让这些公司看到它们的巨大投资有任何回报的希望。For example, two researchers, Evangelos Michelakis and Steven Archer of the University of Alberta, Canada, recently reported that a drug that has been used for in the treatment of rare metabolic disorders could be an effective drug for the treatment of several forms of cancer. Dichloroacetic acid, (DCA), is a chemical compound that appears to change the way cancer cells get energy , without affecting the function of normal cells. The researchers found that DCA killed cancer cells that were grown in the lab and reduced the size of tumors in rats.
::例如,两位研究人员,加拿大艾伯塔大学的Evangelos Michalakis和Steven Archer最近报告说,用于治疗稀有代谢紊乱的药物可能是治疗几种形式癌症的有效药物。二氯乙酸(DCA)是一种化学化合物,似乎改变了癌症细胞获得能量的方式,而不影响正常细胞的功能。研究人员发现,DCA杀死了实验室生长的癌症细胞,减少了大鼠肿瘤的大小。However, DCA is non-patentable as a compound. A patent is a set of rights granted to a person or company (the patentee) for a certain period of time which allows the patentee the exclusive right to make, use, sell, or offer to sell the patented item. Because DCA cannot currently be patented, concerns are raised that without the financial security a patent would ensure, the financial incentive for the pharmaceutical industry to get involved in DCA-cancer research would be reduced, and therefore clinical trials of DCA may not be funded.
::但是,DCA作为一种化合物是不能拥有专利的,专利是给予个人或公司(专利人)在一定时期内的一系列权利,允许专利人拥有独家权利,可以生产、使用、出售或提议出售专利项目,由于DCA目前不能获得专利,有人担心如果没有财政担保,专利将保证,制药业参与DCA癌症研究的财政激励就会减少,因此可能无法资助DCA临床试验。But, other sources of funding exist-- previous studies of DCA have been funded by government organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and by private charities such as the Muscular Dystrophy Association. Recognizing the possible challenges to funding, Dr. Michelakis's lab took the unusual step of directly asking for online donations to fund the research. After six months, his lab had raised over $800,000, which was enough to fund a small clinical study. Dr. Michelakis and Dr. Archer have since applied for a patent on the use of DCA in the treatment of cancer.
::但是,其他资金来源也存在 -- DCA以前的研究经费来自政府组织,如国家卫生研究所、食品和药品管理局、加拿大卫生研究所和私人慈善机构,如肌肉萎缩协会等。认识到资金可能面临挑战,Michelakis博士的实验室采取了不寻常的步骤,直接要求在线捐款来资助研究。六个月后,他的实验室筹集了80多万美元,足以资助一项小型临床研究。Michelakis博士和Archer博士后来申请了使用DCA治疗癌症的专利。Funding for research can also be influenced by the public and by social issues. An intense amount of public interest was raised by the DCA study. The story received much media attention in early 2007. As a result, the American Cancer Society and other medical organizations received a large volume of public interest and questions regarding DCA. A few months later, the Department of Medicine of Alberta University reported that after the trial funding was secured, both the Alberta local ethics committee and Health Canada approved the first DCA Clinical Trial in Cancer.
::公众和社会问题也可能影响研究资金。DCA的研究引起了公众的极大兴趣,2007年初,该报道受到媒体的极大关注。因此,美国癌症协会和其他医疗组织收到了大量公众关注和关于DCA的问题。几个月后,艾伯塔大学医学系报告说,在审判资金得到保证之后,艾伯塔省地方伦理委员会和加拿大卫生部都批准了首次DCA癌症临床试验。Government funding of research can be indirectly influenced by the public. Funding priorities for specific research can be influenced by the ethical beliefs or reservations of elected public officials, or influenced by the public during constitutional amendment elections. Celebrities often campaign to bring public attention to issues that are important to them.
::政府对研究的资助可能间接受到公众的影响,具体研究的筹资优先事项可能受到当选公职人员的道德信念或保留的影响,或者在宪法修正选举期间受到公众的影响,名人经常发起运动,提请公众注意对他们重要的问题。Science and Ethics
::科学与伦理学Ethics , also called moral philosophy, is the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong. The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values or principles. Personal ethics is the moral code that a person adheres to, while social ethics includes the moral theory that is applied to groups. Bioethics is the social ethics of biology and medicine; it deals with the ethical implications of biological research and applications, especially in medicine. Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among biology, , medicine, politics, law , and philosophy.
::伦理,也称为道德哲学,是涉及道德上好坏坏、对错的学科,也适用于任何道德价值或原则的体系或理论,个人道德是个人遵守的道德准则,而社会道德包括适用于群体的道德理论,生物伦理是生物学和医学的社会伦理,它涉及生物研究和应用,特别是医学的生物研究和应用的伦理影响,生物伦理学家关注生物学、医学、政治、法律和哲学关系中出现的伦理问题。While scientific research has produced social benefits, it has also posed some troubling ethical questions. For example, when is it alright to test an experimental cancer drug on people? Developing a new drug takes a long time, maybe as much as 10 years, or more. There are many rules and regulations that drug researchers need to follow while developing drugs to treat specific illnesses.
::尽管科学研究已经产生了社会效益,但它也带来了一些令人不安的伦理问题。 比如,测试实验性癌症药物对人来说什么时候是正常的? 开发新药物需要很长的时间,也许多达10年或更长的时间。 药物研究人员在开发药物治疗特定疾病时需要遵循许多规则和规章。Generally, drugs cannot be tested on people until researchers have evidence that the drug does what they claim it does, but also that the drug will not make patients more ill or cause death. However, if the drug has tested successfully in earlier , and scientists are quite confident that the drug does what it is intended to do, is it ethical to allow patients with a terminal disease, who have no other treatment options, to try the experimental drug?
::一般来说,只有在研究人员有证据证明药物是他们声称的药物所为,而且该药物不会使病人生病或导致死亡,药物才能对人进行检测。 但是,如果药物在早些时候成功检测过,科学家们也非常相信药物是打算做什么的,那么让没有其他治疗选择的绝症病人尝试实验性药物是否合乎道德?With new challenges in public health and health policy arising quickly, and with advances in biotechnology being made, bioethics is a fast-growing academic and professional area of inquiry. Some recent bioethical debates include:
::随着公共卫生和卫生政策的新挑战迅速出现,随着生物技术的进步,生物伦理学是一个迅速增长的学术和专业调查领域。-
Refusal of medical treatment: the choice of a patient to refuse certain life-saving medical procedures such as a
transfusion, or refusal by a parent or guardian for medical treatment for the patient.
::拒绝医疗:选择病人拒绝某些救生医疗程序,如输血,或父母一方或监护人拒绝治疗病人。 -
Euthanasia: the choice by a terminally ill person to have medical assistance in dying.
::安乐死:绝症患者在死亡时选择获得医疗援助。 -
cell research: research involving stem cells, which can be harvested from human
embryos
.
::细胞研究:涉及干细胞的研究,可以从人类胚胎中提取干细胞。 -
: the ability and usefulness of scientists cloning animals for various needs, such as
vaccine
development,
tissues
for transplant into humans such as heart valves, and increased food production. Dolly the sheep, probably the most famous animal clone to date, is shown in
Figure
.
:::科学家为各种需要克隆动物的能力和有用性,如疫苗研制、心脏阀等用于移植人体的组织以及增加食品产量。 多莉羊,可能是迄今最著名的动物克隆物,见图6。
Dolly the sheep is seen here on display in the National museum of Scotland. In 1997, Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned, and quickly became world-famous. She was euthanized in 2003 after she developed a common, but serious lung disease. To “grow” her, researchers at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, collected DNA from a mammary cell of another sheep (technically her (older) twin sister), and then injected the DNA into a stem cell which had its own DNA removed. That stem cell then developed into an embryo. Because research may have a great effect on the well-being of individual people and society in general, scientists are required to behave ethically. Scientists who conduct themselves ethically treat people (called subjects ) who are involved in their research respectfully. Subjects are not allowed to be exploited deliberately, exposed to harm, or forced to do something they do not agree to.
::由于研究可能对个人和整个社会的福祉产生巨大影响,因此科学家必须从道德上行事。 以道德方式对待从事研究的人(所谓的主体)的科学家必须尊重其研究。 不允许故意剥削对象、伤害对象或强迫他们做他们不同意的事情。Summary
::摘要-
Biology is the study of life.
::生物学是生命的研究。 -
Scientists are regular people who chose to study science. They are experts in done or more fields of science.
::科学家是选择研究科学的普通人,他们是从事或更多科学领域的专家。 -
Science can be influenced by numerous agencies and organizations.
::科学可以受到许多机构和组织的影响。 -
Ethics has a significant role in the science of today.
::道德在当今科学中具有重要作用。
Review
::回顾-
What is a scientist?
::什么是科学家? -
What would a molecular biologist study?
::分子生物学家会研究什么? -
List three potential influences on science.
::列出对科学的三种潜在影响。 -
Where does most funding for research come from in the United States?
::大多数研究资金来自美国哪里? -
Discuss the role of ethics in science.
::讨论伦理学在科学中的作用。
Explore More
::探索更多Use this resource to answer the questions that follow.
::使用此资源回答下面的问题 。-
What aspects of science do the actors and scientists in this video discuss?
::这段影片的演员和科学家们讨论了科学的哪些方面? -
According to this video, what is a main goal of science?
::根据这段影片,科学的主要目标是什么?
-
government, for example, through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Food and
Drug
Administration (FDA),
