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  • Riboomes - 高级

    Proteins are made on Ribosomes

    Where are proteins made?
    ::蛋白质在哪里生产?

    are made on ribosomes. The chemical structure of a ribosome is shown above. A ribosome is an made out of protein and . Its role in is extremely important. And it is the structure of the ribosome that allows it to function as it does.
    ::脊髓灰质炎的化学结构如上所示。脊髓灰质炎是蛋白质的化学结构,其作用非常重要。正是脊髓灰质炎的结构使得它能够正常运转。

    Ribosomes
    ::河系

    Ribosomes are small organelles and are the site of protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes can be found alone or in groups within the cytoplasm . They can also be attached to the , and others are attached to the nuclear envelope . Unlike other organelles, ribosomes are not surrounded by a membrane.
    ::机体是小有机体,是蛋白质合成(翻译)的场所。 机体可以单独或以细胞顶层内的组群出现。 机体也可以附着在机体上,其他也可以附着在核信封上。 与其他机体不同,机体没有膜环绕。

    is the process of ordering the amino acids in the assembly of a protein. The word ribosome comes from ribo and the Greek soma (meaning body). Two Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work relating to the ribosome. The 1974 in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, and George Emil Palade for the discovery of the ribosome, and the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, and Ada E. Yonath for discovering the detailed structure and mechanism of the ribosome.
    ::在蛋白质组装中订购氨基酸的过程。词“肋骨”来自肋骨和希腊索马(意指身体),因为与肋骨有关的工作获得了两个诺贝尔奖。 1974年的生理学或医学奖授予了阿尔伯特·克洛德、克里斯蒂安·德杜夫和乔治·埃米尔·帕莱德(George Emil Palade),因为发现了肋骨,2009年的诺贝尔化学奖授予了文卡特拉曼·拉马克里什南(Venkatraman Ramakrishnan)、托马斯·施蒂茨(Thomas A. Steitz)和阿达·尤纳特(Ada E. Yonath),因为发现了肋骨的详细结构和机制。

    Ribozymes are RNA molecules that catalyze chemical reactions , such as translation. Ribosomes, which are just made out of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein, have been classified as ribozymes  because the rRNA has enzymatic activity. The rRNA is important for the peptidyl transferase activity that bonds amino acids. Briefly, the ribosomes interact with other RNA molecules to make chains of amino acids called polypeptide chains, due to the peptide bond that forms between individual amino acids. Inside the ribosome, three sites participate in the translation process, the A, P and E sites. Translation will be discussed in detail in the  Protein Synthesis: Translation (Advanced) concept.
    ::RRNA是催化化学反应的RNA分子,例如翻译。RRNA(RRNA)和蛋白质刚刚生产的RBOomes被归类为ROZymes,因为RRNA有酶活动。RRNA对于将氨基酸结合在一起的peptidyl转移酶活动非常重要。简而言之,RRNA分子与其他RNA分子相互作用,形成氨基酸链条,称为聚虫酸链,因为各氨基酸之间形成了peptide联系。在RRNA(RNA)和蛋白质内部,三个站点参与了翻译过程,A、P和E站点。翻译将在Protein合成:翻译(Advanced)概念中详细讨论。

    Ribosome Structure
    ::Riboosome 结构结构

    Ribosomes from , , and eukaryotes , have significantly different structures and RNA sequences. The ribosomes in the of eukaryotic cells significantly resemble those in bacteria, reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondria.
    ::神经细胞的分泌物结构与 RNA 序列大不相同。 神经细胞的分泌物与细菌的分泌物非常相似,反映了米托乔恩德里亚可能的进化起源。

    Ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus and then transported to the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are made of ribosomal proteins, called ribonucleoproteins , and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Each ribosome has two parts, a large and a small subunit, as shown in the Figure  . The subunits are attached to each other. During translation, the smaller subunit binds to the mRNA, while the larger subunit binds to the tRNA with attached amino acids. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, the two ribosomal subunits disassociate.
    ::核核素中产有机体,然后运至细胞图拉斯姆; 核素中产有机体,称为核素蛋白和核素RNA(RNA); 每个核素中产有两部分,如图所示,一个大一个小分单元。子单元相互连接; 在翻译过程中,较小的子单元与核素结合,而较大的子单元与核素结合,并附有氨基酸; 当一种核素完成后读取一种核素分子时,两种核素子单元不联系。

    lesson content
    The two subunits that make up a ribosome, small organelles that are intercellular protein factories.

    The two ribosomal subunits are named based on their sedimentation rate in a centrifuge. The unit of measurement is the Svedberg unit , a measure of the rate of sedimentation, not the size. This accounts for why fragment names do not add up (70S is made of 50S and 30S).
    ::这两个核子单位是根据离心机中的沉积率命名的。测量单位是Svedberg单位,这是测量沉积速度的尺度,而不是大小。这说明了碎片名称没有相加的原因(70S由50S和30S组成)。

    • have 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (30S) and a large (50S) subunit. Their small subunit has a 16S RNA subunit (consisting of 1540 nucleotides) bound to 21 proteins. The large subunit is composed of a 5S RNA subunit (120 nucleotides), a 23S RNA subunit (2900 nucleotides), and 31 proteins.
      ::其小型子单位有16S RNA子单位(由1540核糖核酸组成),附21种蛋白质,大型子单位包括5S RNA子单位(120核酸)、23S RNA子单位(2900核糖核酸)和31种蛋白。
    • Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (40S) and large (60S) subunit. Their 40S subunit has an 18S RNA (1900 nucleotides) and 33 proteins. The large subunit is composed of 5S RNA (120 nucleotides), 28S RNA (4700 nucleotides), 5.8S RNA (160 nucleotides) subunits, and about 49 proteins.
      ::Eukaryotes有80S核子体,每个单位由一个小的(40S)和大的(60S)子单位组成,其40S子单位有18S RNA(1900核糖核酸)和33个蛋白质,其大型子单位有5S RNA(120核酸)、28S RNA(4700核糖核酸)、5.8S RNA(160核酸)子单位和大约49个蛋白质。
    • The ribosomes found in and mitochondria of eukaryotes also consist of large and small subunits bound together with proteins into one 70S particle. These organelles are believed to be descendants of bacteria and as such their ribosomes are similar to those of bacteria.
      ::eukaryotes 和 mitocondria 中发现的核子体也由大小小子单位组成,与蛋白质结合成70S 粒子,这些有机物被认为是细菌的后代,因此它们的核子体与细菌类似。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Ribosomes are small organelles and are the site of protein synthesis. They are found in all cells.
      ::Ribocomes是小有机体,是蛋白质合成的场所,在所有细胞中都有。
    • Ribosomes are composed of large and small subunits. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal subunits differ in size.
      ::分机体由大小分机体组成,分机体大小各异。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the role of the ribosome?
      ::坏疽性口炎的作用是什么?
    2. What is a significant difference between the structure of a ribosome and other organelles?
      ::排卵体结构与其他器官结构之间有什么重大区别?
    3. Describe the structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes.
      ::描述本体和本体血清之间的结构差异。