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  • 水囊和真空 -- -- 高级

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    What's a little ball of plasma membrane?
    ::什么是等离子膜的小球?

    It's called a vesicle . Because vesicles are made of phospholipids, they can break off of and fuse with other membraneous material. This allows them to serve as small transport containers, moving substances around the and to the .
    ::它被称作冰棒。因为蛋白质是由磷素制成的, 它们可以与其他的膜材料断裂和连接。 这使得它们可以充当小型的运输容器, 将物质移动到周围和周围。

    Vesicles
    ::车辆

    A vesicle is a small, spherical compartment that is separated from the cytosol by at least one bilayer. Many vesicles are made in the and the , or are made from membrane by endocytosis . Vesicles can also fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents to the outside. This process is called exocytosis . In addition to the Golgi apparatus and ER, vesicles can also fuse with other within the cell.
    ::微粒是一个小的球形隔板,至少用一个双层从细胞索中分离出来。许多微粒是用内分泌制成的,或用内分泌膜制成的。 微粒也可以与细胞膜结合,将其内装物释放到外部。 这个过程称为排解。 除了Golgi设备和ER外, 微粒还可以与细胞内的其他部分结合。

    Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus can be seen in Figure  . Because a vesicle is essentially a small organelle, the space inside the vesicle can be chemically different from the cytosol. It is within the vesicles that the cell can perform various metabolic activities, as well as transport and store molecules.
    ::Golgi 仪器的卵子可以在图中看到。因为卵子基本上是一个小有机体,所以卵子内部的空间在化学上可以不同于细胞索。细胞可以在卵子内进行各种代谢活动,以及运输和储存分子。

    lesson content
    Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus can be seen in this figure.

    Types of Vesicles
    ::卵类类型

    Vesicles can be classified by their contents and function.
    ::卵可以根据其内装物和功能进行分类。

    • Transport vesicles are part of the endomembrane system. They are able to move molecules such as between locations inside the cell. For example, transport vesicles move proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
      ::输卵管是内骨膜系统的一部分,可以移动分子,例如细胞内各地点之间的分子。例如,输卵管将蛋白从粗略的内皮内皮内外膜转移到Golgi装置。
    • Lysosomes are vesicles that are formed by the Golgi apparatus. They contain powerful that could break down (digest) the cell. Lysosomes break down harmful cell products, waste materials, and cellular debris and then force them out of the cell. They also digest invading organisms such as . Lysosomes also break down cells that are ready to die, a process called autolysis.
      ::流体体是由Golgi装置构成的卵囊,其中含有能分解(分解)细胞的强力。 流体体分解有害细胞产品、废料和细胞残块,然后迫使它们离开细胞。 它们也吸收入侵生物,例如: 流体体体还分解准备死亡的细胞,一种叫自解的过程。
    • Peroxisomes are vesicles that use oxygen to break down toxic substances in the cell. Unlike lysosomes, which are formed by the Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes self-replicate by growing bigger and then dividing. They are common in liver and cells that break down harmful substances. Peroxisomes are named for the hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) that is produced when they break down . Hydrogen peroxide is toxic, and in turn is broken down into (H 2 O) and oxygen (O 2 ) molecules.
      ::阴性激素是使用氧气分解细胞中有毒物质的卵囊。与由Golgi装置组成的体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外的体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外的体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体外体
    • Secretory Vesicles contain materials that are to be excreted from the cell, such as wastes or . Secretory vesicles include synaptic vesicles and vesicles in endocrine tissues . Synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters . They are located at presynaptic terminals in . When a signal reaches the end of an axon , the synaptic vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release the neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic junction, and binds to a receptor on the next cell. Some cells also produce molecules, such as hormones produced by endocrine tissues, needed by other cells. These molecules are stored in secretory vesicles and released when needed. Secretory vesicles also hold enzymes needed to make extracellular structures, such as the extracellular matrix of cells.
      ::隐秘的卵囊含有从细胞中排出的材料,例如废物或. 秘秘的卵囊包括内分泌组织中的合成卵囊和卵囊。 合成卵囊存储神经传感器。 它们位于 。 当信号到达轴端时, 与细胞膜的合成卵囊引信释放神经传感器。 神经传感器通过合成交叉点, 并粘合到下一个细胞的接收器中。 有些细胞还产生分子, 如其他细胞需要的内分泌组织产生的激素。 这些分子存放在秘密的卵囊中, 必要时释放出来。 秘质的卵囊也持有制造外细胞结构所需的酶, 如细胞的外细胞矩阵 。

    Vesicles and Transport
    ::车辆和运输

    Most vesicles are involved in transporting some sort of molecule, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. These vesicles must first form around the substance being transported. This requires numerous vesicle coats to surround and bind to the proteins being transported. They also trap various transmembrane receptor proteins , called cargo receptors, which in turn trap the cargo molecules.
    ::大多数微粒都参与运输某种分子,如荷尔蒙或神经分质。 这些微粒必须首先围绕所运输的物质形成。 这就要求许多微粒外套环绕所运输的蛋白质,并与所运输的蛋白质捆绑在一起。 它们还捕捉各种转基因受体蛋白,称为货物受体,反过来又捕捉货物分子。

    The Vesicle Coat
    ::维西冰衣

    The vesicle coat selects specific proteins as cargo. It selects cargo proteins by binding to sorting signals. These complexes cluster in the membrane, forming a vesicle buds, or coated pit . There are three types of vesicle coats: clathrin , COPI and COPII. Clathrin coats are found on vesicles trafficking between the Golgi and plasma membrane, the Golgi and endosomes, and the plasma membrane and endosomes. COPI ( coat protein complex) coated vesicles are responsible for transport from the cis -Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport), while COPII coated vesicles are responsible for transport from the ER to the Golgi (anterograde transport). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors aggregate in clathrin coated pits prior to internalization.
    ::织物外套选择特定的蛋白质作为货物。 它选择货物蛋白质, 与分拣信号结合。 这些复合体在膜中聚集, 形成一个微粒芽, 或涂层坑。 有三种类型的织物外套: Clathrin、 COPI 和 COPII 。 在Golgi 和等离子膜、 Golgi 和内分泌以及等离子膜和内分泌物之间的输卵器贩运中发现了克拉特林的外套。 涂层胶囊( 涂层蛋白综合体) 负责从cis- Golgi 运输到 ER( 内化运输) , 而 COPII 涂层的织物则负责从 ER 运输到 Golgi( 内化运输) 。 低密度的脂质( LDL) 受体在Clethrin 涂层坑中集聚。

    SNAREs
    ::国民经济RERES

    The vesicle fuses to the membrane phospholipids to release its materials. This process is mediated by a class of proteins known as SNAREs , for Soluble NSF Attachment Protein Receptors. SNAREs are divided into two categories, depending on their location. Vesicle or v-SNAREs are incorporated into the membranes of transport vesicles, and target or t-SNAREs are located in the membranes of target compartments. The v-SNAREs identify the vesicle's cargo, while the t-SNAREs on the target membrane cause the fusion of the vesicle with the target membrane.
    ::微粒引信与膜磷酰胺结合,以释放其材料。这一过程由一类称为SNARE的蛋白质作为媒介,用于可溶性NSF附加蛋白质受体。SNARE根据其位置分为两类。Vesicle或 v-SNARE被纳入运输卵蛋白的膜中,目标或t-SNARE位于目标包厢的膜中。V-SNARE确定输卵器的货物,目标膜上的t-SNARE造成输卵管与目标膜的融合。

    Vesicle Fusion
    ::维化共聚

    For a vesicle to release its contents to a cell organelle or to the outside of the cell, the vesicle and target membrane must fuse. This process is called vesicle fusion. Fusion between the vesicle and a target membrane occurs in one of two ways: full fusion or "kiss-and-run" fusion. In a full fusion process, the vesicle phospholipids fully incorporate into the plasma membrane. The vesicle can only be reformed and by a clathrin-coat-dependent process. With kiss-and-run fusion, the vesicle reforms after the release of its material. This allows the rapid release of materials from a synaptic vesicle. In this type of fusion, the vesicle forms a fusion pore or porosome in the presynaptic membrane and releases its neurotransmitters across the , after which the vesicle reforms, allowing it to be reused.
    ::对于将内装物放入细胞器官或细胞外部的微粒而言,微粒和目标膜必须引信。这个过程被称为微粒熔化。 微粒和目标膜的熔化以两种方式之一发生: 完全熔化或“ 亲吻和运行” 聚变。 在完全熔化过程中, 微粒磷素完全融入血浆膜。 微粒只能经过改造, 并采用单冰球依赖的过程。 在接吻和运行的熔化过程中, 卵子在释放其材料后会进行微粒变异。 这样可以快速释放一个合成的微粒体的物质。 在这种熔化过程中, 微粒会形成一个聚变异的聚变孔, 或者在前合成膜中产生孔状体, 并释放出其神经传导器, 之后, 将它重新使用。

    Vacuoles
    ::空 空 空 空 人

    Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that can have secretory, excretory, and storage functions. Vacuoles are usually much larger than vesicles. Many organisms will use vacuoles as storage areas and some plant cells have very large vacuoles. The large central vacuole of the is used for osmotic control (storage of water) and nutrient storage. Contractile vacuoles are found in certain . These vacuoles take water from the cytoplasm and excrete it from the cell to avoid bursting due to osmotic pressure .
    ::真空是介质介质的有机体,可以具有隐秘性、排泄性和储存功能。真空通常比排卵管大得多。许多生物将使用真空,作为储存区,有些植物细胞有非常大的真空。大型中央真空用于表面控制(水的储存)和营养贮存。在特定情况下,可发现内置真空。这些蒸气从细胞中取水,从细胞中排出,以避免由于表面压力而爆发。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Vesicles store and transport materials with the cell. Some of these materials are transported to other organelles, other materials are secreted from the cell.
      ::与牢房一起储存和运送容器的材料,其中一些材料被运到其他器官,其他材料则从牢房中隐藏起来。
    • Examples of vesicles include secretory vesicles, transport vesicles, synaptic vesicles and lysosomes.
      ::卵囊的例子包括隐秘的卵囊、运输的卵囊、合成的卵囊和淋巴。
    • Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that can have secretory, excretory, and storage functions. They are usually larger than vesicles.
      ::真空是受膜约束的有机体,可以具有隐秘、通俗和储存功能。它们通常比卵囊大。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Compare vesicles to vacuoles.
      ::与排气器和排气器相比
    2. Describe three types of vesicles.
      ::描述三种卵蛋。
    3. How does a vesicle export materials from the cell?
      ::如何从细胞中导出微粒材料?