10.16局地风
Section outline
-
Which large rainstorms are crucial for people in some parts of the world?
::哪些大暴风雨对世界某些地区的人民至关重要?India, Pakistan, and other nations in southern Asia are great places to go to see monsoon rains. The region depends on the water they bring. Parts of the Southwestern United States also receive monsoon rains. These rains break the summer heat . They also provide water to desert plants. With winter rains and summer rains, these deserts are more lush than many.
::印度、巴基斯坦和南亚其他国家是观望季风雨的大好地方。 该地区依赖它们带来的水。 美国西南部分地区也得到季风雨。 这些降雨使夏季的热量破灭,它们也为沙漠植物提供水。随着冬季的降雨和夏季的降雨,这些沙漠的干燥程度比很多沙漠还要高。Local Winds
::本地风Local winds are winds that blow over a limited area. Local winds blow between small low and high pressure systems. They are influenced by local geography. Nearness to an ocean, lake , or mountain range can affect local winds. Some examples include sea breezes, monsoons, and chinook winds . Local winds can affect the and climate of a region.
::当地风是吹过有限地区的风,当地风在低低压和高压小系统之间吹过,受到当地地理的影响。接近海洋、湖泊或山脉可以影响当地风。有些例子包括海风、季风和中华风。当地风可以影响一个地区的气候和风。Land and Sea Breezes
::陆、海微风Ocean water is slower to warm up and cool down than land. So the sea surface is cooler than the land in the daytime. It is also cooler than the land in the summer. The opposite is also true. The water stays warmer than the land during the night and the winter. These differences in heating cause local winds known as land and sea breezes ( Figure ).
::海洋水比陆地暖和和冷却要慢,因此海面比白天的陆地冷,也比夏天的陆地冷。相反,夜间和冬季,水比陆地暖和。取暖的这些差异导致当地风,被称为陆地和海洋微风(图 ) 。- A sea breeze blows from sea to land during the day or in summer. That’s when air over the land is warmer than air over the water. The warm air rises. Cool air from over the water flows in to take its place.
::海风在白天或夏天从海上吹到陆地。 那时,陆地上的空气比水上的空气更温暖。 温暖的空气在上升。 凉爽的空气从水流流流到水流,取而代之。
- A land breeze blows from land to sea during the night or in winter. That’s when air over the water is warmer than air over the land. The warm air rises. Cool air from the land flows out to take its place.
::夜间或冬季,风从陆地吹到海洋。 此时,水面空气比陆地空气暖和。 暖气上升。 清凉的空气从陆地流出,取而代之。
Land and sea breezes blow because of daily differences in heating. Monsoons
::季风Monsoons are like land and sea breezes, but on a larger scale. They occur because of seasonal changes in the of land and water. In the winter, they blow from land to water. In the summer, they blow from water to land. In regions that experience monsoons, the seawater offshore is extremely warm. The hot air absorbs a lot of the moisture and carries it over the land. Summer monsoons bring heavy rains on land. Monsoons occur in several places around the globe. The most important monsoon in the world is in southern Asia ( Figure ). These monsoons are important because they carry water to the many people who live there.
::季风就像陆地和海风一样,但规模更大,是季节性的陆地和水的变化造成的。冬季,它们从陆地吹到水。夏季,它们从水吹到水。夏季,它们从水吹到水。在经历季风的地区,近海的海水非常温暖。热空气吸收了大量水分,并随风飘过陆地。夏季季风在陆地上带来大雨。季风在全球若干地点发生。世界上最重要的季风在南亚(菲古尔),这些季风很重要,因为它们将水分运给生活在那里的许多人。Monsoons blow over southern Asia. Mountain and Valley Breezes
::山地和河谷微风The air on a mountain slope warms more than the air over the nearby valley . The warm air rises and brings cool air up from below. This is a valley breeze . At night the mountain slope cools more than the air over the valley. The air flows downhill creating a mountain breeze .
::山坡上的空气比附近山谷上空的空气更温暖,温暖的空气从下面升起,带来凉爽的空气。这是山谷微风。晚上山坡比山谷上空的空气更冷。空气向下流,形成山上微风。Katabatic Winds
::卡塔巴海风Katabatic winds move the same way as mountain and valley breezes. However, they are much stronger. Katabatic winds form over a high plateau that is surrounded by mountains. In winter, the plateau grows cold. Air sinks through the gaps in the mountains. Over Antarctica and Greenland, these winds are frigid.
::Katabatiatic风与山风和河谷微风的移动方式相同,但更强。 Katabatiatic风在高原上形成,高山环绕。 冬天, 高原变冷。 空中沉入山洞。 在南极洲和格陵兰, 这些风是寒冷的。Chinook Winds
::Chinook 风风Chinook winds ( Figure ) occur when air is forced over a mountain range. Warm air rises over the Sierra Nevada in California, for example, because it is pushed eastward by the westerly winds. The air cools as it rises and precipitates . The air is now dry. It sinks down the far side of the mountains and may create strong winds. These Chinook winds are relatively warm. If there is snow , the winds may melt it quickly. The dry sinking air creates a rainshadow effect . Rainshadow effect is responsible for many of the world's deserts.
::Chinook 风( Figure ) 发生于空气被迫飞越山脉时。 温暖的空气在加利福尼亚州内华达山脉上空上升, 例如, 因为它被西风推向东面。 空气在上升和沉降时冷却。 空气现在已经干涸了 。 它沉入山的另一边, 并可能形成强烈的风。 这些Chinook 风相对温暖。 如果有雪, 风可能会迅速融化它。 干燥的下沉空气会产生雨影效应。 雨影效应是世界许多沙漠的原因。As air rises over a mountain it cools and loses moisture. The air warms by compression on the leeward side. The resulting warm and dry winds are Chinook winds. The leeward side of the mountain experiences rainshadow effect. Santa Ana Winds
::圣安娜风Santa Ana winds ( Figure ) are responsible for many large fires in Southern California ( Figure ). The Santa Ana winds arrive at the end of California’s long summer drought season. Air east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains cools in late fall. This creates a high pressure zone . The air is then forced downhill through the deserts of the Southwest. It blows westward toward the ocean. The air is blocked by the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. So it is funneled rapidly through the mountain passes. If a fire starts, it spreads quickly. The result is large-scale devastation. Long-term drought conditions and strong Santa Ana winds have fueled many destructive fires in Southern California including in recent years including in 2017, which saw 25 ongoing wildfires all the way into December.
::Santa Ana风(Figure)是南加利福尼亚州(Figure)许多大火灾的原因。Santa Ana风在加利福尼亚州长夏旱季节结束时到达。 山中山的东部空气在秋天冷。 这造成了高压区。 然后空气被迫从西南沙漠下下坡,向西吹向海洋,空气被圣加布里埃尔山和圣贝尔纳迪诺山封住。因此,空气通过山道迅速渗入。如果火灾开始,它就会迅速蔓延。结果就是大规模的破坏。 长期干旱条件和强势的圣安娜风在南加利福尼亚州引发了许多破坏性火灾,包括近些年来,包括2017年,那里一直有25起野火,一直持续到12月。The winds are especially fast through Santa Ana Canyon, for which they are named. Santa Ana winds blow dust and smoke westward over the Pacific from Southern California. In October 2007, Santa Ana winds fueled many fires that together burned 426,000 acres of wild land and more than 1,500 homes in Southern California. Desert Winds
::沙漠风High summer temperatures on the desert create high winds and monsoon storms . Strong winds in the desert can pick up dust and blow it around. A dust storm known as a haboob ( Figure ) forms in the downdrafts on the front of a .
::沙漠的夏季高温造成了高风和季风风暴。 沙漠的强风可以收集灰尘并吹散它。 沙尘暴在沙尘暴前的下风中形成一种被称为“hiboob(图 ) ” ( habobbb) 的沙尘暴。A haboob in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona. Summary
::摘要- Local winds blow between high pressure and low pressure areas.
::当地风在高压和低压地区之间吹风。
- Winds blow up and down slope, on and off land and sea, through deserts or over mountain passes.
::风在陆地和海面上和海外,通过沙漠或山道向上和向下吹。
- Some local winds are well known in an area: haboobs in the desert, Santa Ana winds in Southern California, Chinook winds in Colorado.
::一些当地风在某个地区是众所周知的:沙漠的竹竿、南加利福尼亚的圣安娜风、科罗拉多的奇努克风。
Review
::回顾- What causes local winds to blow?
::是什么导致当地风吹起?
- Describe valley breezes and mountain breezes. How are they an example of how local winds form?
::描述山谷的微风和山风。它们如何成为当地风是如何形成的例子?
- How do Chinook winds lead to rainshadow effect?
::奇努克风如何导致雨影效应?
Explore More
::探索更多- What is the one sentence answer to the question what is wind?
::回答什么是风的问题的一句话是什么?
- What is air pressure?
::什么是气压?
- Why are low pressure systems associated with bad weather?
::为什么低压系统与恶劣天气相关联?
- Where does a high-pressure system come from?
::高压系统从哪里来?
- Why doesn’t wind blow in straight lines? How does wind blow?
::为何风不吹直线? 风是如何吹的?
- Which direction is Coriolis deflection in the Northern Hemisphere? Which direction is Coriolis deflection in the Southern Hemisphere?
::北半球的Coriolis偏转方向是哪个方向? 南半球的Coriolis偏转方向是哪个方向?
- A sea breeze blows from sea to land during the day or in summer. That’s when air over the land is warmer than air over the water. The warm air rises. Cool air from over the water flows in to take its place.
