章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 全球风带

    A wooden sailing ship on water, representing historical sea trade and navigation.
     

    How did the "trade winds" get their name?
    ::"贸易风"是怎么叫他们名字的?

    Not so long ago, ships could only sail in the direction the  wind  was blowing. For centuries, a voyage could succeed or fail based on how hard the wind blew. The trade winds were named because they were a reliable way to get across the ocean. Ships engaged in trade needed these winds to transport goods. The trade winds are one of the  global wind  belts.
    ::不久以前,船舶只能沿着风吹的方向航行。 几个世纪以来,航程可能成功或失败,其依据是风吹的强度。 贸易风之所以被点名,是因为它们是穿越海洋的可靠途径。 从事贸易的船舶需要这些风来运输货物。 贸易风是全球风带之一。

    Global Winds
    ::全球风声

    Global winds  are winds that occur in belts that go all around the  planet  ( Figure   ). Like  , global winds are caused by unequal heating of the  atmosphere .
    ::全球风是在环绕地球的带状地带中发生的风(图 ) 。 就像全球风是由大气的不平等加热造成的一样。

    Global wind belts, indicating high and low pressure areas and wind directions.
     
    Global winds occur in belts around the globe. Warm air rises, creating low pressure zones while cool sinking air creates high pressure zones. On the surface, wind blows from areas of high to low pressure.

    Heating and Global Winds
    ::供暖和全球风

    Earth is hottest at the  equator  and gets cooler toward the poles. The differences in heating create huge  convection  currents in the  . At the equator, for example, warm air rises up to the tropopause. When it can’t rise any higher, it flows north or south.
    ::地球在赤道地区最热,向极地冷却。加热的差别在赤道地区形成了巨大的对流流。例如,在赤道地区,温暖的空气会升至地表。 当温度升高不到任何高度时,它就会向北或向南流动。

    By the time the moving air reaches 30°N or °S  , it has cooled somewhat. The cool air sinks to the surface. Then it flows over the surface back to the equator. Other global winds occur in much the same way. There are three enormous  convection cells  north of the equator and three south of the equator.  From the equator to 30° is the Hadley cell.  From 30° to 60° is the Ferrel cell, and there is a Polar cell at both poles.
    ::当移动的空气达到30°N或°S时,它已经冷却了一点。冷却的空气沉入了表面,然后从表面流回赤道。其他全球风也以同样的方式发生。赤道以北有三个巨大的对流细胞,赤道以南有三个巨大的对流细胞。从赤道到30°是哈德利电池。从30°到60°是费尔雷尔电池,两极都有一个极极极电池。

    Global Winds and the Coriolis Effect
    ::全球风与共生效应

    Earth is spinning as air moves over its surface. This causes the  . Winds blow on a diagonal over the surface due to Coriolis effect. From which direction do the northern trade winds blow?
    ::地球正在随着空气在地面上移动而旋转。 这导致 . 风吹向表层的对角, 因为科里奥利斯效应。 北方贸易风从哪方向吹?

    Without the Coriolis effect the global winds would blow north to south or south to north. But the Coriolis effect makes them blow northeast to southwest or the reverse in the  Northern Hemisphere . The winds blow northwest to southeast or the reverse in the  Southern Hemisphere .
    ::没有科里奥利斯效应,全球风会向北吹向南,向南吹向南,或向北吹向南。但科里奥利斯效应使全球风向东北吹向西南方,或向北半球反向吹向北半球。风向西北吹向东南,或向南半球反向吹向东南方。

    The wind belts have names. The trade winds are nearest the equator, blowing east to west in the Hadley cell. The next belt is the westerlies, at the bottom of the Ferrel cell. Finally are the polar easterlies in the Polar cell. The names are the same in both hemispheres.
    ::风带有名字。 贸易风靠近赤道, 向东吹向西, 在哈德利牢房中。 下一带是西虫, 在费勒尔牢房底部。 最后是极地牢房的极地东边。 两个半球的名字相同 。

    Jet Streams
    ::喷气流

    Jet streams  are fast-moving air currents high in the troposphere. They are also the result of unequal heating of the atmosphere. Jet streams circle the planet, mainly from west to east. The strongest jet streams are the polar jets. PIctured below is the northern polar jet ( Figure   ).
    ::喷气流是对流层高处快速移动的空气流,也是大气供热不平衡的结果。喷气流环绕地球,主要从西向东。最强的喷气流是极地喷气流。下面是北极喷气(Figure ) 。

    Map showing the northern polar jet stream and its route over North America.
     
    This jet stream helps planes fly quickly from west to east over North America. How do you think it affects planes that fly from east to west?

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Global winds blow from high to low pressure at the base of the atmospheric circulation cells.
      ::全球风从大气循环电池底部的高压到低压向下吹。
    • The globe has six atmospheric circulation cells. Three are north of the equator and three are south. These cells have names.
      ::全球有6个大气循环细胞,3个位于赤道以北,3个位于南,这些细胞有名字。
    • Jet streams are fast moving rivers of air going in opposite directions.
      ::喷气流正在快速移动 气流向相反的方向移动

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a jet stream? Where are the strongest jet streams? 
      ::什么是喷气流?
    1. Which takes longer: a flight from San Francisco to Philadelphia or a flight from Philadelphia to San Francisco? Why did you make that choice?
      ::这需要更长的时间:从旧金山飞往费城的航班,还是从费城飞往旧金山的航班?
    1. Describe the locations of the major atmospheric convection cells. What creates them?
      ::描述主要的大气对流细胞的位置。 是什么创造了这些细胞?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

     

     

    1. What creates wind?
      ::是什么创造了风?
    1. What are monsoons?
      ::什么是季风?
    1. What circumstances lead to summer monsoon winds?
      ::是什么情况导致夏季季风?
    1. What two factors determine the directions of the global winds?
      ::是什么两个因素决定了全球风的方向?
    1. In what direction does the Earth rotate?
      ::地球在什么方向旋转?
    1. Due to Coriolis effect, in what direction does wind curve in the Northern Hemisphere and in the Southern Hemisphere?
      ::由于科里奥利斯效应,北半球和南半球的风向曲线的方向是什么?
    1. What are the Westerlies?
      ::威斯特利叶斯是什么?