10.18空气质量
Section outline
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What is this in the air?
::这是什么在空中?People have euphemisms for smog; sometimes it's , sometimes it's haze. It's hard to know sometimes whether the air is full of something natural, like water vapor , or something man-made, like ozone . But in cities like this the air is often being marred by air pollution.
::人们对烟雾有委婉的说法;有时是烟雾,有时是烟雾。有时很难知道空气是充满自然的东西,如水蒸气,还是人为的,如臭氧。但在这样的城市中,空气经常受到空气污染的破坏。Air Quality
::空气质量Pollutants include materials that are naturally occurring but are added to the atmosphere so that they are there in larger quantities than normal. Pollutants may also be human-made compounds that have never before been found in the atmosphere. Pollutants dirty the air, change natural processes in the atmosphere, and harm living things.
::污染物包括自然产生的、但被添加到大气中的物质,因此其数量大于正常的数量。 污染物也可能是人类制造的化合物,在大气中从未发现过。 污染空气,改变大气中的自然过程,伤害生命。Problems with Air Quality
::空气质量问题Air pollution started to be a problem when early people burned wood for heat and cooking fires in enclosed spaces such as caves and small tents or houses. But the problems became more widespread as fossil fuels such as coal began to be burned during the Industrial Revolution ( Figure ).
::当早期民众在洞穴、小型帐篷或房屋等封闭空间烧柴烧热和烧饭火时,空气污染开始成为一个问题。 但随着煤炭等化石燃料在工业革命期间开始燃烧,问题变得更加普遍(图 ) 。The 2012 Olympic Games in London opening ceremony contained a reenactment of the Industrial Revolution - complete with pollution streaming from smokestacks. Photochemical Smog
::光化学烟雾Photochemical smog , a different type of air pollution, first became a problem in Southern California after World War II. The abundance of cars and sunshine provided the perfect setting for a chemical reaction between some of the molecules in auto exhaust or oil refinery emissions and sunshine ( Figure ). Photochemical smog consists of more than 100 compounds, most importantly ozone.
::电化学烟雾是一种不同类型的空气污染,在二战后首次成为南加利福尼亚州的一个问题。 汽车和阳光的丰富为自动排气或炼油厂排放物和阳光中的某些分子之间的化学反应提供了完美的环境(图 )。 光化学烟雾由100多种化合物组成,其中最重要的是臭氧。Smog over Los Angeles as viewed from the Hollywood Hills. The Clean Air Act
::《清洁空气法》Terrible air pollution events in Pennsylvania and London, in which many people died, plus the recognition of the hazards of photochemical smog, led to the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970 in the United States. The act now regulates 189 pollutants. The six most important pollutants regulated by the Act are ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and the heavy metal lead. Other important regulated pollutants include benzene, perchloroethylene, methylene chloride, dioxin, asbestos, toluene, and metals such as cadmium, mercury, chromium, and lead compounds.
::在宾夕法尼亚州和伦敦发生的可怕的空气污染事件导致1970年美国通过了《清洁空气法》,该法对189种污染物进行了管制,其中最重要的六种污染物是臭氧、颗粒物质、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、一氧化碳和重金属铅,其他重要的受管制污染物包括苯、四氯乙烯、甲基氯、二恶英、石棉、甲苯以及镉、汞、铬和铅化合物等金属。What is the result of the Clean Air Act? In short, the air in the United States is much cleaner. Visibility is better and people are no longer incapacitated by industrial smog. However, despite the Act, industry, power plants, and vehicles put 160 million tons of pollutants into the air each year . Some of this smog is invisible and some contributes to the orange or blue haze that affects many cities.
::《清洁空气法》的结果是什么?简言之,美国的空气是清洁的。可见度更好,人们不再因工业烟雾而丧失能力。然而,尽管有《清洁空气法》,工业、发电厂和车辆每年将1.6亿吨污染物放入空气中。 其中一些烟雾是隐形的,有些是助长影响许多城市的橙色或蓝色烟雾的。Regional Air Quality
::区域空气质量Air quality in a region is not just affected by the amount of pollutants released into the atmosphere in that but by other geographical and atmospheric factors. Winds can move pollutants into or out of a region and a mountain range can trap pollutants on its leeward side. Inversions commonly trap pollutants within a cool . If the inversion lasts long enough, pollution can reach dangerous levels.
::一个区域的空气质量不仅受到释放到大气中的污染物数量的影响,而且还受到其他地理和大气因素的影响。风能将污染物运入或运出一个区域,山脉可以将污染物困在向外向外的一面。反向通常将污染物困在冷却中。如果反向持续足够长,污染会达到危险的程度。Pollutants remain over a region until they are transported out of the area by wind, diluted by air blown in from another region, transformed into other compounds, or carried to the ground when mixed with rain or snow .
::污染物留在一个区域,直到它们通过风从该地区运出,从另一个区域吹入空气稀释出来,转化为其他化合物,或在与雨水或雪混合时被运到地面。Table lists the smoggiest cities in 2018. Fairbanks, Alaska is a surprise at #1. That ranking is due to particulates from people burning wood for warmth in winter. Fairbanks has very little ozone pollution because it has very few carts and it is not very warm.
::表格列出了2018年最潮湿的城市。阿拉斯加的费尔班克斯(Fairbanks)对 #1感到惊讶。 这一排名是由于冬季烧柴取暖的人的颗粒造成的。 费尔班克的臭氧污染很少,因为它只有很少的马车,而且不很温暖。Seven of the 10 of the smoggiest cities are in California. Why do you think California cities are among those with the worst air pollution? The state has the right conditions for collecting pollutants including mountain ranges that trap smoggy air, arid and sometimes windless conditions, , industry, and lots and lots of cars.
::10个最潮湿的城市中有7个在加利福尼亚。你认为加利福尼亚城市为什么是空气污染最严重的城市?州有合适的条件来收集污染物,包括诱捕烟雾空气的山脉、干旱和有时无风条件、工业、大片和大片汽车。Smoggiest U.S. Cities, 2018 Rank City, State 1 Fairbanks, Alaska 2 Visalia-Porterville, California 3 Bakersfield-Delano, California 4 Los Angeles-Long Beach , California 5 Fresno-Madera, California 6 Modesto-Merced, California 7 El Centro, California 8 (tie) Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton, Pennsylvania-Ohio-West Virginia 8 (tie) Lancaster, Pennsylvania 10 (tie) San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, California 10 (tie) Cleveland-Akron-Canton, Ohio Summary
::摘要- Air is polluted by natural compounds in unnatural quantities or by unnatural compounds.
::空气受到自然化合物的非自然数量或非自然化合物的污染。
- Some pollutants enter the air directly and others are created by chemical reactions, such as those that are part of photochemical smog.
::有些污染物直接进入空气,另一些则由化学反应造成,例如光化烟雾中的化学反应。
- Regions that are chronically polluted experience the release of a lot of pollutants into the air. The effects of pollution may also be amplified by geographical and atmospheric factors.
::受长期污染的地区大量污染物释放到空气中,污染的影响也可能因地理和大气因素而扩大。
Review
::回顾- How does photochemical smog differ from other types of air pollution?
::光化学烟雾与其他类型的空气污染有何不同?
- What does the Clean Air Act regulate? what are the most important pollutants it regulates?
::《清洁空气法》规范什么?它监管的最重要污染物是什么?
- Why do parts of California have such bad air pollution?
::为什么加州的部分地区有 如此糟糕的空气污染?
- Air is polluted by natural compounds in unnatural quantities or by unnatural compounds.
