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  • 案例研究:皮肤、毛发和指甲 -- -- 装饰性但功能性

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    Case Study: Wearing His Heart on His Sleeve
    ::案例研究:在他的袖子上穿戴他的心

    Keith, 22, and Larissa, 23, met through mutual friends and hit it off right away. They began dating and just four months later, they are now madly in love. They spend as much time as they can with each other, and have decided to move in together when Larissa’s roommate moves out. They are even discussing getting married one day.
    ::基思,22岁,以及拉丽莎,23岁,通过彼此的朋友相遇,并立即相遇。 他们开始约会,四个月后,他们就疯狂地相爱了。 他们尽可能多地与对方相处,并决定在拉丽莎的室友搬出去后一起生活。 他们甚至讨论结婚的一天。

    Inspired by his passion for Larissa, Keith is considering getting her name tattooed on his arm. As you probably know, tattoos are designs on the skin created by injecting pigments into the skin with a needle. Keith looks up different tattoo styles online, and starts to envision what he would want in a tattoo.
    ::基思在他的对拉丽莎的热情激励下,正在考虑将她的名字纹在他的手臂上。也许你知道,纹身是用针刺皮肤的颜料造就的皮肤图案。基思在网上看到不同的纹身风格,并开始设想他想要的纹身。

    One day at a street festival, Keith sees a sign that says “Henna Tattoos.” Henna tattoos are not technically tattoos — they are temporary designs that artists can create on the skin using a paste made out of the leaves of the henna plant. The henna stains the skin a reddish-brown color, and once the paste is scraped off, the design typically remains on the skin for a few weeks. The use of henna to create designs on the skin is called mehndi. It is traditionally used by people in and from regions such as India, Pakistan, the Middle East, and Africa to celebrate special occasions, particularly weddings. Mendhi is often done on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, where the designs usually come out darker than on other areas of the skin. You can see a mehndi design on the hands of the child .  
    ::一天在街头节日,基思看到一个写着“Henna Tattoos ” 的标志。 亨纳纹身不是技术上的纹身 — — 它们是艺术家们利用花生植物叶上涂的糊糊在皮肤上创造的临时设计。 黑纳将皮肤染上红褐色,当面粉被刮掉后,其设计通常在皮肤上保留几个星期。 使用Henna制作皮肤图案被称为Mehndi。 传统上,印度、巴基斯坦、中东和非洲等地区的人都会使用它来庆祝特殊场合,特别是婚礼。 Mendhi经常在手掌和脚底的手掌上完成,那里的设计通常比皮肤的其他地方更黑暗。您可以看到儿童手头上的Mehndi设计。

    A child has a mehndi design applied to both hands.
    ::小孩的脑膜炎设计适用于两只手。

    Keith asks the mehndi artist to inscribe Larissa’s name on his arm, so that he can see whether he likes it without making the permanent commitment of a real tattoo. Two days later, Keith visits his parents. They are not familiar with mehndi, and they have a moment of panic when they think he got a real tattoo. Keith reassures them that it is temporary, but tells them that he is thinking about getting a real tattoo.
    ::Keith要求Mehndi艺术家将Larissa的名字记在手臂上,这样他就可以看看他是否喜欢这个名字,而没有做出真正的纹身的永久承诺。 两天后,Keith拜访了他的父母。 他们不熟悉Mehndi,当他们认为他有真正的纹身时,他们就会感到惊慌。 Keith向他们保证,这是暂时性的,但告诉他们,他正在考虑要一个真正的纹身。

    His parents are concerned. His father points out that he has not known Larissa long – what if they break up and he regrets the tattoo? His mother additionally worries about whether tattoos are safe. Keith says that he doesn’t think he will regret the decision, but if he does, he can cover it up with another tattoo or get it removed with laser treatments. He also tells them that he would go to an artist and shop that are reputable, and take appropriate safety precautions. His parents warn him that getting a tattoo removed may not be as simple as he thinks, and that he should think very carefully before making such a permanent decision.
    ::他的父亲指出,他认识拉丽莎的时间并不长 — — 如果他们分手了,他对纹身感到后悔吗?他的母亲还担心纹身是否安全。 Keith说,他认为他不会后悔,但是如果他这样做,他可以用另一个纹身掩盖它,或者用激光治疗来消除它。 他还告诉他们,他将去一个有声望的艺术家和商店,并采取适当的安全防范措施。 他的父母警告他,摘下纹身可能不会像他想象的那样简单,在做出这样的永久决定之前,他应该非常仔细地思考。

    Humans have long decorated and adorned their skin with tattoos, makeup, and piercings. They also color, cut, straighten, curl, and remove their hair; and paint, grow, and cut their nails. The skin, hair, and nails make up the integumentary system. As you read this chapter, you will learn about the important biological functions that these organs carry out, beyond being a convenient canvas for personal expression. At the end of the chapter you will learn whether Keith got his tattoo. You will also learn more about how tattoos, mehndi, and laser tattoo removal work, as well as the important considerations to protect your health if you are thinking about getting a tattoo.
    ::人类早就用纹身、化妆品和穿孔来装饰和装饰他们的皮肤。 他们也染色、剪切、直线、卷曲、摘发、涂漆、种植、剪指甲。 皮肤、 头发和指甲组成了营养系统。 当你读了本章时, 你将会了解这些器官所起到的重要生物功能, 而不是一个方便个人表达的画布。 在章节结尾, 你会知道Keith有没有他的纹身。 你还会更多地了解纹身、 美尼迪和激光纹身的清除工作, 以及如果你想纹上纹身, 保护你健康的重要考虑因素。

    Chapter Overview: Integumentary System
    ::章节概览:综合系统

    In this chapter you will learn about the structure and functions of the integumentary system, along with  its relationships to culture, evolution, and health. Specifically, you will learn about:
    ::在本章中,你们将了解营养系统的结构和功能,以及它与文化、进化和健康的关系。

    • The functions of the organs of the integumentary system — the skin, hair, and nails — including protecting the body, helping to regulate homeostasis, and sensing and interacting with the external world
      ::皮肤、头发和指甲等营养系统器官的功能,包括保护身体、帮助调节顺势、感知和与外部世界互动
    • The two main layers of the skin: the thinner outer layer (called the epidermis) and the thicker inner layer (called the dermis)
      ::皮肤的两个主要层:较薄的外层(称为皮层)和较厚的内层(称为皮层)
    • The cells and layers of the epidermis and their functions, including synthesizing vitamin D and protecting the body against injury, pathogens, UV light exposure, and water loss
      ::骨皮细胞和层层及其功能,包括合成维生素D,保护身体免受伤害、病原体、紫外线光照射和水流失
    • The composition of epidermal cells and how the epidermis grows
      ::上皮细胞的构成以及上皮细胞生长的方式
    • The composition and layers of the dermis and their functions, including cushioning other tissues, regulating body temperature, sensing the environment, and excreting wastes
      ::皮肤的构成和层层及其功能,包括缓冲其他组织、调节身体温度、感测环境和排泄废物
    • The specialized structures in the dermis, which include sweat and sebaceous (oil) glands, hair follicles, and sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain
      ::皮肤中的专门结构,包括汗汗和泥土(土壤)腺、毛发囊、检测触碰、温度和疼痛的感官受体。
    • The structure and biological functions of hair, which include retaining body heat, detecting sensory stimuli, and protecting the body against UV light, pathogens, and small particles
      ::毛发的结构和生物功能,包括保持体温、检测感官刺激力、保护身体不受紫外光、病原体和小颗粒
    • How hair grows, how variations in hair color and texture arise, and hypotheses about the evolution of hair in humans
      ::头发如何生长 头发颜色和纹理的变化如何产生 以及人类头发进化的假设
    • The sociocultural roles of hair, including its  expression of characteristics like  sex and age, as well as cultural identity and social cues
      ::头发的社会文化作用,包括其表现的性别和年龄等特征,以及文化特征和社会暗示
    • The structure and functions of nails, which includes protecting the fingers and toes, enhancing the detection of sensory stimuli, and acting as tools
      ::指甲的结构和功能,包括保护手指和脚趾,加强对感官刺激的检测,以及充当工具
    • How nails grow and how they can reflect and affect our health
      ::指甲如何生长,它们如何能反映和影响我们的健康
    • Skin cancer — which is the most common form of cancer — and its types and risk factors
      ::皮肤癌——最常见的癌症形式——及其类型和风险因素

    As you read the chapter and learn more about the skin, think about the following questions:
    ::当你读了章节,了解了更多关于皮肤的知识, 想想下面的问题:

    1. Why do you think real tattoos are permanent, but mehndi is not?
    ::1. 为什么你认为真正的纹身是永久的,但梅赫迪不是永久的?

    2. Why do you think mehndi might come out darker on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet than on other areas of the skin?
    ::2. 为什么你认为Mehndi在手掌和脚底的棕榈上比在皮肤的其他地方更黑暗?

    3. What do you think are some of the health concerns about tattoos?
    ::3. 你认为纹身的一些健康问题是什么?