4.6 指甲
章节大纲
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Nail Art
::指甲艺术Painting nails with colored polish for aesthetic reasons is nothing new. In fact, there is evidence of it dating back to at least 3000 BCE. Today, painting and otherwise decorating the nails is big business, with annual revenues in the billions of dollars in the United States alone! With all the attention (and money) given to nails as decorative objects, it’s easy to forget that they also have important biological functions.
::出于美学原因涂彩色油画钉子并不是什么新鲜事。 事实上,有证据表明它至少可以追溯到公元前3000年。 如今,涂画或以其他方式装饰钉子是一件大生意,仅美国每年就有数十亿美元的收入。 尼玛作为装饰性物品对钉子的关注(和金钱)很容易忘记它们也有重要的生物功能。What Are Nails?
::什么是指甲?Nails are accessory organs of the skin. They are made of sheets of dead keratinocytes and are found on the far (or distal) ends of the fingers and toes. The keratin in nails makes them hard, but flexible. Nails serve a number of purposes, including protecting the digits, enhancing sensations, and acting as tools.
::指甲是皮肤的辅助器官,是用死内皮细胞床制成的,在手指和脚趾的远端(或分形)发现。钉子中的氯丁二烯使其硬,但灵活。指甲服务于许多目的,包括保护数字、增强感觉和充当工具。Nail Anatomy
::指甲解剖学A nail has three main parts: the root, plate, and free margin. Other structures around or under the nail include the nail bed, cuticle , and nail fold. These structures are shown in the figure .
::指甲有三个主要部分:根部、板块和自由边距。指甲周围或下的其他结构包括指甲床、切片和钉子折叠。图中显示了这些结构。- The nail root is the portion of the nail found under the surface of the skin at the near (or proximal) end of the nail. It is where the nail begins.
::指甲根是在指甲近(或接近)端的皮肤表面下发现的指甲部分。指甲是指甲开始的地方。
- The nail plate (or body) is the portion of the nail that is external to the skin. It is the visible part of the nail.
::指甲板(或身体)是指甲在皮肤外的部分,是指甲的可见部分。
- The free margin is the portion of the nail that protrudes beyond the distal end of the finger or toe. This is the part that is cut or filed to keep the nail trimmed.
::自由边距是指甲在指尖或脚趾的分端外溢出的部分。 这是剪切或缩放以保持钉子剪短的部分 。
- The nail bed is the area of skin under the nail plate. It is pink in color, due to the presence of capillaries in the dermis .
::指甲床是指甲板下的皮肤区域,颜色粉红色,因为皮肤有刺青。
- The cuticle is a layer of dead epithelial that overlaps and covers the edge of the nail plate. It helps to seal the edges of the nail to prevent infection of the underlying tissues .
::切片是一层层的死皮,它重叠并覆盖了钉子板的边缘。它有助于密封钉子的边缘,以防止底部组织感染。
- The nail fold is a groove in the skin in which the side edges of the nail plate are embedded.
::指甲折叠是指甲板侧边缘嵌入的皮肤的弯曲。
The top diagram in this figure shows the external, visible part of the nail and the cuticle. The bottom diagram shows internal structures in a cross-section of the nail and nail bed.
::下图显示了指甲和指甲床的交叉部分的内部结构。Nail Growth
::指甲增长Nails grow from a deep layer of living epidermal tissue, known as the nail matrix, at the proximal end of the nail (see the bottom diagram in the figure ). The nail matrix surrounds the nail root. It contains cells that divide to form keratinocytes, which are cells that produce keratin and make up the nail.
::指甲从指甲最接近尾端的深层活性上皮组织,即指甲矩阵中生长出来(见图中的底图 ) 。 指甲矩阵围绕指甲根。 它包含分裂成乳腺细胞的细胞,这些细胞产生氯丹并构成钉子。Formation of the Nail Root and Nail Plate
::指甲根和铁甲板的形成The keratinocytes produced by the nail matrix accumulate to form tough, hard, translucent sheets of dead cells filled with keratin. The sheets make up the nail root, which slowly grows out of the skin and becomes the nail plate when it reaches the skin surface. As the nail grows longer, the cells of the nail root and nail plate are pushed toward the distal end of the finger or toe by new cells being formed in the nail matrix. The upper epidermal cells of the nail bed also move along with the nail plate as it grows toward the tip of the digit.
::指甲基体产生的指甲细胞累积形成硬硬的、硬的、半透明的、填满氯丁酸的死细胞床单。 床单构成指甲根,指甲根从皮肤中慢慢长出来,当它到达皮肤表面时,就成为指甲板。 随着指甲长,指甲根和指甲板的细胞被指甲基体内正在形成的新细胞推向手指或脚趾的阴端。指甲床的上皮细胞也随着指甲板向数字的顶端而移动。The proximal end of the nail plate near the root has a whitish crescent shape called the lunula . This is where a small amount of the nail matrix is visible through the nail plate. The lunula is most pronounced in the nails of the thumbs, and may not be visible in the nails of the little fingers.
::指甲板在根部附近最接近的端端端有一种刻薄的新月形状,叫做乳房。 这是指甲板上可以看到少量指甲矩阵的地方。 指甲指甲在指甲中表现得最为明显, 指甲指尖中可能看不到。Rate of Nail Growth
::指甲增长率Nails grow at an average rate of 3 mm (0.12 in.) a month. F ingernails, however, grow up to four times as fast as toenails. If a fingernail is lost, it takes between three and six months to regrow completely, whereas a toenail takes between 12 and 18 months to regrow. The actual rate of growth of an individual’s nails depends on many factors, including age, sex, season, diet, level, and genes . If protected from breaking, nails can sometimes grow to be very long. The Chinese doctor in the photo has very long nails on two fingers of his left hand. Having long nails was a sign of aristocracy in China when this picture was taken around 1900.
::指甲的平均生长速度为每月3毫米(0.12英寸 ) 。 但是,指甲的生长速度是脚趾甲的四倍。 如果指甲丢失,则需要三至六个月的时间才能完全重新生长,而脚趾甲则需要12至18个月的时间才能重新生长。指甲的实际生长速度取决于许多因素,包括年龄、性别、季节、饮食、水平和基因。如果可以避免断裂,指甲有时会长得很长。照片中的中国医生左手两根指甲有很长的指甲。在1900年左右拍摄这张照片时,长指甲是中国贵族的标志。Nails, like hair, can have sociocultural relevance, as the man in this photo illustrates. His long nails indicate his aristocratic heritage.
::指甲和头发一样,具有社会文化相关性,这张照片中的人说明了这一点。 他的长指甲指甲表明了他的专制遗产。Functions of Nails
::指甲的功能Both fingernails and toenails protect the soft tissues of the fingers and toes from injury. Fingernails also serve to enhance sensation and precise movements of the fingertips through the counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the fingers by the nails. In addition, fingernails can function as several different types of tools. For example, they enable a fine precision grip like tweezers, and can also be used for cutting and scraping.
::指甲和脚趾甲都能够保护手指和脚趾软组织免受伤害。指甲还有助于通过指甲对指头的纸浆施加反压力,提高指尖的触觉和精确移动。此外,指甲也可以作为几种不同类型的工具发挥作用。例如,指甲可以使手指和脚趾头的软组织保持精密的握紧,也可以用于切割和刮伤。Nails and Health
::指甲和卫生Healthcare providers, particularly EMTs, often examine the fingernail beds as a quick and easy indicator of oxygen saturation of the , or the amount of blood reaching the extremities. If the nail beds are bluish or purple, it is generally a sign of low oxygen saturation. To see if blood flow to the extremities is adequate, a blanch test may be done. In this test, a fingernail is briefly depressed to turn the nail bed white by forcing the blood out of its capillaries. When the pressure is released, the pink color of the nail bed should return within a second or two if there is normal blood flow. If the return to a pink color is delayed, then it can be an indicator of low blood volume, due to dehydration or shock.
::医疗服务提供者,特别是急救医疗提供者,往往检查指甲床,以快速和容易地显示指甲床的氧饱和度,或达到极限的血量。如果指甲床是粗的或紫的,一般是低氧饱和度的表示。如果指甲床是粗的或紫的,这通常是低氧饱和度的表示。要看血流到极端是否足够,可以做一个粗肠测试。在这个测试中,指甲短暂地压抑,以迫使其血管的血流出,将指甲床变白。当压力释放时,指甲床的粉色应回到一或二分内,如果有正常的血液流动。如果返回粉色,那么由于脱水或休克,它可以成为低血量的指标。How the visible portion of the nails appears can be used as an indicator of recent health status. In fact, nails have been used as diagnostic tools for hundreds — if not thousands — of years. Nail abnormalities — such as deep grooves, brittleness, discoloration, or unusually thin or thick nails — may indicate various illnesses, nutrient deficiencies, drug reactions, or other health problems.
::指甲的可见部分如何被作为最近健康状况的指标;事实上,指甲是数百年的诊断工具,甚至数千年的诊断工具;细小的异常现象,如深沟、易碎、变色或异常的薄或厚的指甲,可能表明各种疾病、养分缺乏、药物反应或其他健康问题。Nails — especially toenails — are common sites of fungal infections, causing nails to become thickened and yellowish in color, like the nails in the photo . Toenails are more often infected than fingernails because they are often confined in shoes, which creates a dark, warm, moist environment where can thrive. Toes also tend to have less blood flow than fingers, making it harder for the immune system to detect and stop infections in toenails.
::指甲——特别是脚趾甲——是常见的真菌感染地点,导致指甲变厚,颜色像照片中的指甲一样黄黄。 脚趾甲比指甲更经常被感染,因为它们往往被困在鞋里,造成一个黑暗、温暖、潮湿的环境,可以繁荣发展。 脚趾也往往比手指少出血,使免疫系统更难发现和阻止脚趾甲的感染。Fungus infections of the toenails are common. They often look worse than they are. Generally, they are more unsightly than painful or dangerous.
::脚趾甲的发炎很常见,它们看起来往往比现在更糟糕。 一般来说,它们比痛苦或危险更难看。Although nails are harder and tougher than skin, they are also more permeable. Harmful substances may be absorbed through the nails and cause health problems. Some of the substances that can pass through the nails include the herbicide Paraquat, fungicidal agents such as miconazole (e.g., Monistat), and sodium hypochlorite, which is an ingredient in common household bleach. Care should be taken to protect the nails from such substances when handling or immersing the hands in them by wearing latex or rubber gloves.
::尽管钉子比皮肤更难、更难穿,但是也更容易渗透,有害物质可能通过钉子吸收,并造成健康问题,有些可以穿透钉子的物质包括除草剂Paraqut、杀真菌剂,如miconazole(例如Monistat)和次氯酸钠,后者是常见家庭漂白物中的一种成分,在用乳胶或橡胶手套处理或浸透其手时,应注意保护钉子免受这种物质的影响。Feature: Reliable Sources
::特征:可靠来源Do you get regular manicures or pedicures from a nail technician? If so, there is a chance that you are putting your health at risk. Nail tools that are not properly disinfected between clients may transmit infections from one person to another. Cutting the cuticles with scissors may create breaks in the skin that let infective agents enter the body. Products such as acrylics, adhesives, and UV gels that are applied to the nails may be harmful, especially if they penetrate the nails and enter the skin.
::您是否从指甲技术员那里得到正常的指甲或脚指甲? 如果是这样的话,您有可能将自己的健康置于危险之中。 客户之间未适当消毒的指甲工具可能会将感染从一个人传染给另一个人。 用剪刀切开切片可能会造成皮肤断裂,导致感染剂进入身体。 用于指甲的丙烯酸、粘合剂和紫外胶等产品可能有害, 特别是当它们穿透指甲进入皮肤时。Use the Internet and find several reliable sources that address the health risks of professional manicures or pedicures. Try to find answers to the following questions:
::利用互联网并找到若干可靠的来源,解决职业美甲或修脚术对健康造成的危害。- What training and certification are required for professional nail technicians?
::专业指甲技术人员需要哪些培训和认证?
- What licenses and inspections are required for nail salons?
::美甲沙龙需要哪些执照和检查?
- What hygienic practices should be followed in nail salons to reduce the risk of infections being transmitted to clients?
::美甲沙龙应采取什么卫生做法,以减少感染传染给客户的风险?
- Which professional nail products are potentially harmful to the and which are safer?
::哪些专业指甲产品可能有害于这些产品,哪些更安全?
- How likely is it to have an adverse health consequence when you get a professional manicure or pedicure?
::当你得到专业修甲或修脚术时,它会对健康产生何种不利后果?
- What steps can you take to ensure that a professional manicure or pedicure is safe?
::你能采取什么步骤确保职业修指甲或修脚安全?
Summary
::摘要- Nails are accessory organs of the skin, consisting of sheets of dead, keratin-filled keratinocytes. The keratin in nails makes them hard, but flexible.
::指甲是皮肤的辅助器官,由死板、氯硝酸酯填充的乳腺细胞组成。 指甲中的氯硝酸盐使其硬,但灵活。
- A nail has three main parts: the nail root (which is under the epidermis), the nail plate (which is the visible part of the nail), and the free margin (which is the distal edge of the nail). Other structures under or around a nail include the nail bed, cuticle, and nail fold.
::指甲有三个主要部分:指甲根(指甲底部 ) 、 指甲板(指甲的可见部分 ) 、 自由边(指甲的侧面 ) 。 指甲下或周围的其他结构包括指甲床、指甲和钉子折叠。
- A nail grows from a deep layer of living epidermal tissues — called the nail matrix — at the proximal end of the nail. Stem cells in the nail matrix keep dividing to allow nail growth, forming first the nail root and then the nail plate as the nail continues to grow longer and emerges from the epidermis.
::指甲从指甲最接近尾端的深层活的上皮组织——称为指甲矩阵——生长而来。 指甲矩阵中的死细胞保持分裂,以允许指甲生长,首先形成指甲根,然后随着指甲的继续生长而形成指甲板,随着指甲的继续长长,从指甲的尾部显现出来。
- Fingernails grow faster than toenails. Actual rates of growth depend on many factors, such as age, sex, and season.
::实际增长率取决于许多因素,如年龄、性别和季节。
- Functions of nails include protecting the digits, enhancing sensations and precise movements of the fingertips, and acting as tools.
::指甲的功能包括:保护数字、增强感知和指尖的精确移动,以及充当工具。
- The color of the nail bed can be used to quickly assess oxygen and blood flow in a patient. How the nail plate grows out can reflect recent health problems, such as illness or nutrient deficiency.
::指甲床的颜色可以用来快速评估病人的氧气和血液流。 指甲板的生长方式可以反映最近的健康问题,如疾病或营养缺乏症。
- Nails — and especially toenails — are prone to fungus infections. Nails are more permeable than skin and can absorb several harmful substances, such as herbicides.
::指甲——特别是脚趾甲——容易感染真菌,指甲比皮肤更容易渗透,可以吸收几种有害物质,例如除草剂。
Review
::回顾1. What are nails?
::1. 指甲是什么?2. Describe the three parts of the nail.
::2. 描述指甲的三部分。3. Explain why most of the nail plate looks pink.
::3. 解释为什么大多数指甲板看起来都是粉红色的。4. Describe a lunula.
::4. 描述阴云。5. Explain how a nail grows.
::5. 解释指甲是如何生长的。6. Identify three functions of nails.
::6. 确定指甲的三个功能。7. Give several examples of how nails are related to health.
::7. 请举几个例子说明指甲与健康的关系。8. True or False: Nails grow from the distal end to the proximal end of your fingers and toes.
::8. 真实或假的:指甲从手指和脚趾的阴端长到接近尾端。9. True or False: The nail bed refers to the middle portion of the hard nail plate.
::9. 真实或假:指甲床是指硬钉板的中间部分。10. Nails are composed mainly of a protein called __________________.
::10. 指甲主要由蛋白质组成,叫做。a. elastin
::a. 弹性体b. collagen
::b. 科林c. keratin
::c. 氯丙烯d. melanin
::d. 美拉宁11. What is the cuticle of the nail composed of? What is the function of the cuticle? Why is it a bad idea to cut the cuticle during a manicure?
::11. 指甲的切片是由什么构成的? 指甲的功能是什么?为什么在修指甲时切切片是坏主意?12. What is the name of the part of the nail that you trim?
::12. 你修剪的指甲部分叫什么名字?13. Is the nail plate composed of living or dead cells?
::13. 指甲板是由活细胞或死细胞组成的吗?Explore More
::探索更多Fingernails can grow to astonishing lengths. Watch the video below to learn about some Guinness World R ecord holders for the longest fingernails!
::指甲可以长到惊人的长度。 看下面的视频, 了解一些Guinness World Record持有者, 最长的指甲!Nails are not just for decoration. They can actually tell us a lot about our health! Learn more here:
::指甲不只是装饰,它们可以告诉我们很多关于我们健康的信息! - The nail root is the portion of the nail found under the surface of the skin at the near (or proximal) end of the nail. It is where the nail begins.
