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  • Prokaryoytes和研究-高级

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    Why are so often used in research?
    ::为什么在研究中经常使用?

    These scientists are studying a plate of bacteria. Why are bacteria so often used in research? Is it because they are easy to manipulate? Is it because they have a small genome ? Is it because they reproduce quickly? The answer to all these questions is yes. But these aren't the only reasons are used in research.
    ::这些科学家正在研究一组细菌。为什么细菌在研究中经常使用?它们之所以容易操作,是因为它们拥有一个小基因组吗?是不是因为它们繁殖很快?这些问题的答案是肯定的。但研究中并非只有这些原因。

    Prokaryotes in Research
    ::研究中的Prokaryotes

    Because they can grow quickly (and they are small), prokaryotes are commonly used in molecular biology , genetics , and biochemistry research. By making in prokaryotic and examining the resulting phenotypes , scientists can discover the function of genes , , and metabolic pathways in prokaryotes. This knowledge can then be applied to more complex organisms like humans. The understanding of prokaryotic metabolisms and genetics allows biotechnologists to bioengineer bacteria that make medicines and other useful compounds. includes the use of organisms such as bacteria, , and in the manufacturing and services industries. For additional information, see the Concept Biotechnology (Advanced).
    ::由于它们能够迅速生长(而且它们规模较小),原虫通常用于分子生物学、遗传学和生物化学研究。科学家通过在蛋白质学中进行蛋白质学研究并检查由此产生的苯型,可以发现蛋白质中的基因、基因和代谢途径的功能。然后,这种知识可以应用于人类等更复杂的生物体。对蛋白质新陈代谢和遗传学的理解使生物技术学家能够进行生物工程细菌的生物学研究,这些细菌可以制造药物和其他有用的化合物。包括细菌等生物的利用,以及制造和服务行业中的生物。其他信息见“概念生物技术”(Advanced)。

    Biotechnology
    ::生物技术生物技术

    Genetic engineering is the manipulation of genes. It is also called technology. In genetic engineering, pieces of DNA (genes) are cloned by introducing the DNA into a host or organism. The foreign DNA is incorporated into the host’s genome and is replicated and passed on to daughter cells . Scientists are able to genetically engineer bacteria to make substances that the bacteria would not normally produce. Bacterial cells are transformed and used in the production of commercially important products. Examples include the production of human insulin , used to treat , and human growth , which is used to treat pituitary dwarfism. In 1982, Humulin, a genetically engineered form of human insulin, was the first medication produced using modern genetic engineering techniques.
    ::基因工程是基因的操纵,它也被称为技术。在基因工程中,DNA(基因)的碎片通过将DNA引入宿主或生物体而克隆。外国DNA被纳入宿主的基因组,并被复制并传给后代细胞。科学家能够基因工程细菌制造细菌通常不会生产的物质。细菌细胞被改造并用于生产具有商业重要性的产品。例子包括用于治疗人类胰岛素的人类胰岛素生产,以及用于治疗垂体侏儒的人类生长。1982年,人类胰岛素的遗传工程形式Humulin首次使用现代遗传工程技术生产了这种药物。

    The bacterium Pseudomonas putida has recently been created by genetic engineering. P. putida can break down petroleum products, such as polystyrene, and solvents, such as toluene, which makes it important in pollution clean-up.
    ::P. P. Putida可以分解石油产品,如聚苯乙烯和溶剂,如甲苯,这在清理污染方面很重要。

    Agrobacterium
    ::农

    An Agrobacterium uses horizontal gene transfer to place genes of interest into plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the most commonly studied in this genus and contains a plasmid that has tumor inducing genes. Agrobacterium is well known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants, and, for this reason, it has become an important tool for the genetic engineering of plants. The tumor causing genes from the bacterial plasmid are removed and replaced with a gene of interest. The plasmid is then used in plant transformation. Agrobacterium has been used to transfer genes into various plants, including soybeans, cotton, corn, wheat, alfalfa, and sugar beet.
    ::一种农本菌利用横向基因转移将有兴趣的基因植入植物。农本菌是这种基因中最常用的研究方法,其中含有一种有肿瘤诱发基因的粒子。农本菌因其在自己和植物之间转移DNA的能力而广为人知,因此,它已成为植物基因工程的一个重要工具。细菌粒子中产生基因的肿瘤被移除,代之以一种感兴趣的基因。然后,在植物转化中使用这种粒子。农本菌被用来将基因转移到各种植物,包括大豆、棉花、玉米、小麦、紫花和甘甜菜。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Bacterial cells are transformed and used in the production of commercially important products, such as human insulin, which is used to treat diabetes, and human growth hormone, which is used to treat pituitary dwarfism.
      ::细菌细胞被转化并用于生产商业上重要的产品,如用于治疗糖尿病的人类胰岛素和用于治疗脑垂体侏儒症的人类生长激素。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Identify a role of bacteria in biotechnology.
      ::查明细菌在生物技术中的作用。
    2. Scientists believe that less than one percent of the total prokaryotes on Earth can be grown in the lab. Why do you think there has been such little success with growing these bacteria and prokaryotes?
      ::科学家们相信,地球上只有不到1%的原生虫可以在实验室中生长。你为什么认为这些细菌和原生虫在生长过程中成功得如此之少?