11.20 病毒微生物生物学 -- -- 高级
Section outline
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What is a ?
::什么是"什么"? What is a?One thing is for certain: it is not a . Is it a ? No. Does it have ? Yes. What else does it have? Only or . Is it alive? Not by today's definition.
::有一点是确定的:它不是一个。它是一个吗?不。它有吗?是的。它还有什么呢?它还有什么呢?它是唯一的呢?它活着吗?不是根据今天的定义。Viruses
::病毒"It's life, Jim, but not as we know it." Misattributed to Spock in the original Star Trek series.
::"这是生命,吉姆,但不是我们所知道的" Spock在最初的星际迷航系列中被误认为是史波克What is a virus ? Is it a living organism ? These are excellent questions.
::病毒是什么?是活生物体吗?这些都是非常好的问题。Most virologists consider viruses to be non-living, as viruses do not meet all our definitions of life. They are not made up of cells, so they do not have a , cytoplasm , , or any other . They do not grow, respire, need ATP , or excrete waste, which almost all known forms of life must do. But they do have proteins and genetic material . Viruses do not replicate by themselves, instead, they use a host cell to make more of themselves. But they do evolve, which is a characteristic of living things. They do not belong to one of the three of life, nor do they belong to any one of the six kingdoms. So what exactly is a virus?
::大多数病毒学家认为病毒是非生物的,因为病毒不符合我们所有的生命定义。病毒不是由细胞构成的,因此它们没有细胞,没有细胞细胞,也没有其它细胞。它们没有生长、保存、需要ATP或排泄废物,几乎所有已知生命形式都必需这样做。但它们确实有蛋白质和遗传物质。病毒本身不能复制,相反,它们使用宿主细胞来制造更多的自己。它们的确是进化的,这是生命的特征。它们不属于生命中的三个生物,它们也不属于六个王国中任何一个。病毒到底是什么?The term virus comes from the Latin word virus, which means toxin or poison. This may give some hints as to what a virus is. One definition of a virus is a sub-microscopic particle that can infect living cells. In fact, the virus must infect a living cell in order to survive. An infected cell will produce viral particles instead of its usual cellular products.
::病毒一词来自拉丁文的字词病毒,即毒素或毒药。这可能给病毒的含义带来一些暗示。病毒的一个定义是能感染活细胞的亚微生物粒子。事实上,病毒必须感染活细胞才能生存。被感染的细胞将产生病毒粒子,而不是通常的细胞产品。Viruses are tiny "organisms" (are they organisms if they do not meet the definition of a living thing?) that may lead to mild or severe illnesses in humans, , and plants. They also infect bacteria. Human diseases caused by viruses include the common cold and the flu, as well as the much more severe and life-threatening condition, .
::病毒是微小的“生物 ” ( 生物,如果它们不符合生物的定义? ? ) , 可能导致人类、植物和植物的轻度或严重疾病。 它们也感染细菌。 病毒引起的人类疾病包括普通感冒和流感,以及更严重和危及生命的疾病。Viruses are made of protein and genetic material, as shown here with the influenza virus. As the genetic material is depicted inside the virus, outer structures must then be protein. Summary
::摘要-
Some scientists disagree as to whether viruses are living. Viruses are not made up of cells, nor do they replicate by themselves. Instead, they use a host cell to make more of copies of themselves. But they do evolve, which is a characteristic of living things.
::一些科学家对病毒是否是活的有不同意见。病毒不是细胞组成的,也不是由细胞自己复制的。相反,他们使用宿主细胞来复制更多的病毒。但是它们的确在进化,这是生命的特征。
Review
::回顾-
Why are viruses not considered to be living things?
::为什么病毒不被视为活物?
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Some scientists disagree as to whether viruses are living. Viruses are not made up of cells, nor do they replicate by themselves. Instead, they use a host cell to make more of copies of themselves. But they do evolve, which is a characteristic of living things.
