章节大纲

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  • 句号结构

     

    Review of fragments and run-on sentences:
    ::复议碎块和句子:

    Sentence Structures Phrases and Clauses
    ::用语和条款

    Use varied sentence structures to cue varying relationships among ideas.  When you practice varying your sentence structures, it becomes natural to use transitions that show various relationships of ideas.  
    ::使用不同的句子结构来暗示不同想法之间的不同关系。 当您使用不同的句子结构时,使用显示不同想法关系的过渡是自然的。

    Examples of Sentence Structures:
    ::判决结构实例:

    • Simple:  One independent clause
      ::简单:一个独立条款
    • Compound:  Two or more independent clauses
      ::化合物:两个或两个以上独立条款
    • Complex:  One independent clause and at least one dependent clause
      ::复杂:一个独立条款和至少一个独立条款
    • Compound-Complex:  Two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause
      ::复合复合体:两个或两个以上独立条款和至少一个独立条款

    For practice determining sentence structure, go to   .
    ::用于确定刑期结构的做法,改为:

     

     

     

    (For handout with full visuals in a printable version, click  - recommended)
    :伤心如需以可打印版本提供全视图示,请点击 - 建议)

    1-2.  SIMPLE AND COMPOUND SENTENCES
    ::1-2. 单一和综合遥感系统

     A simple sentence consists of one independent clause.  A clause, remember, is any group of words containing a subject and a verb.  An independent clause is a clause that can stand alone as a sentence.  It makes sense by itself without any other clauses being added to it.  An independent clause and a simple sentence are essentially the same thing.
    ::一个简单的句子由一个独立条款组成。 记住,一个条款是包含一个主题和动词的任何一组词语。 一个独立条款是一个可以单独作为句子的条款,它本身就有意义,而无需添加任何其他条款。 一个独立条款和一个简单的句子基本上是相同的。

    Following are some examples of simple sentences.  Each sentence contains one clause (an independent clause).  The sentence may contain a compound subject or a compound verb, or both, but each sentence has only one complete subject and one complete predicate.
    ::每个句子都包含一个条款(一个独立条款),该句子可能包含一个复合物或一个复合动词,或两者兼有,但每一句子只有一个完整的主题和一个完整的前提。

    Mrs. McGraw   works part-time (in the Learning Lab.)
    Mark    and   Donald     are two (of my cousins).
    The attendant (at the service station)  cleaned my windshield  and   checked (under the hood).
      Galileo    first learned to use a telescope  and   then discovered the moons (of Jupiter).

    A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences (or independent clauses) joined together.  The two independent clauses are connected with the conjunction and, but,   nor, for, so, yet , or or , and a comma is always placed before the conjunction.  Following are some examples of compound sentences:
    ::复合句由两个或两个以上简单句子(或独立条款)合并在一起组成。两个独立条款与连字符串有关,但对于连字符串来说,不是如此,还是,或者,或者,或者,或者,或者,或者,一个逗号总是放在连字符串之前。以下是复合句子的一些例子:

    Galileo    first learned to use a telescope,  and  then  he discovered the moons (of Jupiter).
    More and more Americans   are eating junk food,  and these foods   contribute (to our health problems).
     The storm (of last night)  caused a power outage,    but  service    was restored (within minutes).
    Cereals    are good sources (of fiber),  and  they    also contain minerals  and  vitamins.

     

    3.  COMPLEX SENTENCES
    ::3. Complex 电 电 电 电 电

     A third type of sentence, which is different from either a simple sentence or compound sentence, is the complex sentence . A complex sentence is made up of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
    ::与简单的句子或复合句子不同的第三种句子是复杂的句子,复杂的句子由一个独立条款和至少一个独立条款组成。

    Because   her test scores were very high, the student received an “A”(in class).
    Although   the play began (at 7:30), the Ezells did not arrive (until 7:45).
    While   we were visiting a friend (in the hospital), some music tapes were stolen ( from our car).
    I plan to buy a new car   when   I can afford one.
    The boys will canoe (down the Buffalo) (on Saturday)  if  the water is high enough.

     COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
    ::与次级会 议 交 集 电 汇 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电 电

    In these complex sentences, each of the dependent clauses begins with a subordinate conjunction .  The dependent clauses in the above sentences are as follows:
    ::在这些复杂的句子中,每个依附条款从从从属关系开始,上述句子中的依附条款如下:

    Because   her test scores were very high. . . . . .
    Although   the play began (at 7:30). . . . . .
    While    we were visiting a friend (in the hospital). . . . .
    . . . . when     I can afford one.
    . . . . if   the water is high enough.

     The remainder of each of the above sentences is the independent clause.  Notice that the independent clauses in these sentences sound like complete sentences while the dependent clauses sound incomplete.  A dependent clause is always incomplete unless it is attached to an independent clause.
    ::上述各句的其余部分为独立条款,指出这些句中的独立条款听起来像完整句子,而附属条款听起来不完全,除非附于独立条款,否则附属条款总是不完整的。

     Many dependent clauses begin with subordinate conjunctions .  The subordinate conjunction joins the dependent clause to the independent clause in a sentence.  Following is a list of the most common subordinate conjunctions.  Try to memorize as many of these words as possible.                                            
    ::许多从属条款从从从从属关系开始,从属关系从属关系入手,在句子中将自属条款与独立条款合并,下面列出最常见的从属关系清单,尽量记住其中尽可能多的字句。

    after unless
    although until
    as when
    because whenever
    before where
    if wherever
    since while
    so that  

    Here are a few more examples of complex sentences, each containing a different subordinate conjunction.  
    ::下面是几个复杂的句子的例子,每个句子包含不同的从属关系。

    After  Joey borrowed my DVD player, it would no longer play .
    ::Joey借了我的DVD播放器后 它就不再播放了

    As  the sun dropped (below the horizon), we enjoyed the lovely sunset.
    ::当太阳落下时(在地平线下),我们享受美丽的日落。

    The professor spoke    as if   he wanted all the students to pass.
    ::教授说得好像他希望所有学生都通过

    The cat scratched (at the door)  as though  it wanted to come inside.
    ::那只猫抓伤了它,好像它想进去一样。

    You should always remember to sign out  before  you leave (at the end) (of a lab session).
    ::你应当记得在离开前(在实验室会话的末尾)签字。

    Since   part (of California) lies (in the San Andreas Fault), the danger (of an earthquake) is always present.
    ::由于(加利福尼亚州)部分土地(圣安德烈亚斯断层),(地震)的危险始终存在。

    Kim accepted a full-time position (with the company)  so that   she could receive retirement benefits.
    ::金接受了全时职位(在公司),以便她可以领取退休金。

    Unless   people decrease their fat intake, they are likely to develop health problems later (in life).
    ::除非人们减少脂肪摄入量,否则他们可能在以后(生命中)出现健康问题。

     Whenever  my friend    and   I go (to Springfield), we shop (at Best Buy).
    ::每当我和我朋友去斯普林菲尔德,我们都会购物(在最佳买家)。

    Most people like to revisit places   where  positive events  have occurred (in their lives).
    ::多数人喜欢重温(在生活中)发生积极事件的地方。

    IMPORTANT:     Notice that in these complex sentences, the dependent clause may be either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.  If the dependent clause is the first clause in the sentence, it is followed by a comma.  If the dependent clause is at the end of the sentence, usually no comma is necessary. 
    ::注意在这些复杂的句子中,从属条款可能是在句子的开头或结尾,如果从属条款是句子中的第一个条款,随后是逗号,如果从属条款是在句子的结尾,通常不需要逗号。

    4.  COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH RELATIVE PRONOUNS
    ::4. 与相应项目合并的消耗量

    Dependent clauses are sometimes introduced by relative pronouns instead of by subordinate conjunctions. The three most common relative pronouns are that , who , and which . Relative pronouns serve much the same purpose in dependent clauses as subordinate conjunctions do. They relate or connect the dependent clause to the independent clause of the sentence.
    ::附属条款有时由相对的代名词而不是由从属关系提出,三种最常见的代名词是,由谁提出,由谁提出,由谁提出,由谁提出。 相对代名词在附属关系条款中起到与从属关系大同小异的作用。它们与该句的独立条款有关或联系。

    For more practice with Relative Pronouns go to   .
    ::与相对代名人进行更多的实践。

     However, relative pronouns are different from subordinate conjunctions in at least a couple of ways. For one thing, a relative pronoun (like other pronouns) may be the subject of the clause it is in. No conjunction can ever be the subject of a clause. For another thing, a dependent clause that is introduced by a relative pronoun may appear in the middle of a sentence, right in the middle of an independent clause. A dependent clause that starts with a subordinate conjunction, remember, usually appears either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
    ::然而,相对代名词至少以几种方式与从属关系不同。 一方面,相对代名词( 与其他代名词一样) 可能是该条款的主题。 任何从属关系都不可能成为条款的主题。 另一方面, 由相对代名词引入的附属条款可能出现在句子中间, 就在独立条款中间。 从从从从属关系开始的从属条款, 记住, 通常出现在句子的开头或结尾。

     Following is a complex sentence that contains a relative pronoun. .
    ::以下为包含相对代名词的复杂句子。 。 。

    The man  who  will win the race must practice constantly 
    ::赢得比赛的人必须不断练习

     In this sentence, the independent clause is the man must practice constantly . The dependent clause is who will win the race . The relative pronoun who connects the dependent clause to the independent clause, the same as a subordinate conjunction does. However, who is also the subject of the verb will win in the dependent clause. The pronoun who also takes the place of the noun man , just as all pronouns take the place of nouns. The above sentence means literally “The man (the man will win the race) must practice constantly.”
    ::在这句话中,独立条款是人必须不断实践。独立条款是人必须不断实践的。独立条款是谁将赢得比赛。将独立条款与独立条款挂钩的相对代名人,与从属关系一样。然而,谁是动词主体的,也将在独立条款中获胜。也取代名人、如同所有代名人取代名词一样,代名人代名人。上一句的意思是“男子(男子将赢得种族)必须不断实践。”

    Here is another example of a complex sentence with a relative pronoun. 
    ::这是另一个具有相对代名词的复杂句子的例子。

     A squirrel   that  is friendly comes (to our door).
    ::一只友好的松鼠来到我们家门口。

    In this sentence, the independent clause is a squirrel comes to our door . The dependent clause is that is friendly . The relative pronoun that connects the two clauses and is also the subject of the verb is in the dependent clause. That also takes the place of the noun squirrel . The sentence means literally “A squirrel (the squirrel is friendly) comes to our door.”
    ::在这个句子中,独立条款是松鼠来到我们的门前,依赖条款是友好的。连接两个条款的相对代名词,也是动词的主题,也属于独立条款。这也取代了名松鼠。这句话的意思是“松鼠(松鼠是友好的 ) ” 。

    Most dependent clauses that start with relative pronouns ( that , who , and which ) function as adjectives and modify the noun right before them in the sentence. In the first example, the dependent clause who will win the race modifies the noun man in the independent clause. In the second example, the dependent clause that is friendly modifies the noun squirrel in the independent clause.
    ::多数从相对代名词(即,谁和谁)开始的附属条款,在句子中作为形容词发挥作用,并修改他们面前的代名词。在第一个例子中,赢得比赛的独立条款修改了独立条款中的名词。在第二个例子中,友好的附属条款修改了独立条款中的名词松鼠。

    Here is one more example of a complex sentence with a relative pronoun:
    ::以下是一个复杂的句子与相对代名词的例子:

    Clyde returned my psychology book,  which  he had borrowed .
    ::克莱德还回了我的心理学书 他借的

    In this sentence, the independent clause is Clyde returned my psychology book . The dependent clause is which he had borrowed . The relative pronoun which connects the two clauses together, but in this clause, the pronoun he is the subject of the dependent clause instead of the relative pronoun which . The dependent clause which he had borrowed modifies the noun book in the independent clause.
    ::在这一句中,独立条款是克莱德归还了我的心理学书。依赖条款是他借来的。将两个条款联系在一起的相对代名词,但在这个条款中,代名词是依赖条款的主体,而不是相对代名词的主体。他借用的附属条款修改了独立条款中的名词书。

    COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
    ::计算机 -- COMPLEX 燃料

     

     

     

    A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
    ::复合复杂句至少有两个独立条款和至少一个独立条款。

    Example:  Because Diane was hungry, she ate a large hamburger and tons of fries, so she got really sick.
    ::例子:因为Diane饿了, 她吃了一大块汉堡包和一吨薯条, 所以她病得很重。

    What are the independent clauses?
    ::什么是独立条款?

    What is the dependent clause?
    ::附属条款是什么?

    What are the transitions?
    ::什么是过渡?

    Practice:  Write five compound-complex sentences.  Circle the transitions.  Bracket and label the clauses.  Label as independent or dependent.
    ::实践: 写五个复式复杂句子, 循环过渡, 括号并标注条款, 标签独立或依赖 。