Section outline

  • General

    Collapse all Expand all

  • 病毒控制 -- -- 高级

    lesson content

    How are controlled?
    ::如何控制?

    Luckily, your immune system can control the spread of many viruses. Through the use of vaccinations, you can be immunized against many viruses. This allows your body to fight the virus if it ever comes back to haunt you. Can you kill a virus? Is a virus living? If not, then it cannot be killed.
    ::幸运的是, 您的免疫系统可以控制许多病毒的传播。 通过使用疫苗, 您可以对许多病毒进行免疫。 这样可以让你的身体与病毒抗争, 如果病毒会再次困扰你。 你能杀死病毒吗? 病毒是活的吗? 如果不是, 那么它就不能被杀死 。

    Control of Viruses
    ::病毒控制

    The spread of some viruses can be controlled by good hygiene practices, the same way can be controlled. Other , which can spread quickly from person to person, may be also be prevented and treated by medications. Frequent washing of hands and the importance of other personal hygiene practices were discussed in : Control of Bacteria (Advanced). Here, we will discuss medical treatments of viral diseases.
    ::某些病毒的传播可以通过良好的卫生习惯来控制,同样可以控制。其他的病毒可以人与人之间迅速传播,也可以通过药物来预防和治疗。 经常洗手和其他个人卫生习惯的重要性在《细菌控制》(先进)中讨论。在这里,我们将讨论病毒疾病的治疗。

    Prevention and Treatment of Viral Illnesses
    ::预防和治疗病毒性疾病

    People have been able to control the spread of viruses even before they knew viruses existed. In 1717, Mary Montagu, the wife of an English ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, observed local women inoculating their children against smallpox, a contagious viral disease that was often deadly. Inoculation involves introducing a small amount of live virus into a person’s body to allow their body to build up to the virus. This early smallpox inoculation involved putting smallpox crusts into the nostril of a healthy person.
    ::1717年,英国驻奥托曼帝国大使夫人玛丽·蒙塔古(Mary Montagu)观察到当地妇女给孩子接种了天花疫苗,因为天花是一种传染性病毒疾病,这种疾病经常是致命的。 接种疫苗意味着将少量活病毒引入人体,让身体积累病毒。 早期的天花接种包括将天花结壳注入健康人的鼻孔。

    Vaccines
    ::疫苗疫苗

    Because viruses use the machinery of a host to reproduce and often remain dormant within the host, it is difficult to get rid of them without killing the host cell. Vaccines were used to prevent viral infections long before the discovery of viruses. A vaccine is a mixture of antigenic material and other immune stimulants that will produce immunity to a certain or disease. The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's use of cowpox ( vacca means cow in Latin) to immunize people against smallpox.
    ::由于病毒使用宿主的机器繁殖,而且往往在宿主体内休眠,因此很难在不杀死宿主细胞的情况下摆脱它们。 疫苗在发现病毒之前很久就被用来预防病毒感染。 疫苗是抗原材料和其他免疫兴奋剂的混合体,可以对某种疾病产生免疫力。 “疫苗”一词来自爱德华·詹纳使用天花(在拉丁语中是牛)对人进行天花免疫。

    The material in the vaccine can either be weakened forms of a living pathogen or virus, dead pathogens (or inactivated viruses), purified material such as viral , or genetically engineered pieces of a pathogen. The material in the vaccine will cause the body to mount an immune response , so the person will develop immunity to the disease. Smallpox was the first disease people tried to prevent by purposely inoculating themselves with other types of infections, such as cowpox. Vaccination is an effective way of preventing viral infections. Vaccinations can be given in schools, health clinics ( Figure ) and even at home. Their use has resulted in a dramatic decline in morbidity (illness) and mortality (death) associated with viral infections such as polio, measles, mumps, and rubella. Genetically engineered vaccines are produced through technology; most new vaccines are produced with this technology.
    ::疫苗中的材料既可以是生命病原体或病毒的衰弱形式,也可以是死亡病原体(或非活性病毒)、病毒等净化材料,或者是基因改造病原体。疫苗中的材料将使身体产生免疫反应,因此人可以对疾病产生免疫力。天花是人们试图通过故意接种其他感染,如天花来预防疾病的第一个疾病。疫苗接种是预防病毒感染的有效途径。疫苗可以在学校、保健诊所(Figure)甚至在家里接种。疫苗的使用导致与小儿麻痹症、麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹等病毒感染有关的发病率(疾病)和死亡率(死亡)急剧下降。基因工程疫苗是通过技术生产的;大多数新疫苗都是用这种技术生产的。

    A student receives a vaccine at school.
    A child receives a vaccine.

    A world-wide vaccination campaign by the UN World Health Organization lead to the eradication of smallpox in 1979. Smallpox is a contagious disease unique to humans and is caused by two Variola viruses. The eradication of smallpox was possible because humans are the only carriers of the virus. To this day, smallpox is the only human infectious disease to have been completely eradicated from nature. Scientists are hoping to eradicate polio next.
    ::1979年,联合国世界卫生组织在全世界范围开展疫苗接种运动,消灭了天花,天花是人类独有的传染病,是由两个维罗拉病毒引起的。消灭天花之所以成为可能,是因为人类是病毒的唯一携带者。直到今天,天花是人类唯一从大自然中完全消灭的传染病。科学家们希望接下来根除小儿麻痹症。

    Antiviral Drugs
    ::抗病毒药物

    While people have been able to prevent certain viral diseases by vaccinations for many hundreds of years, the of antiviral drugs to treat viral diseases is a relatively recent development. Antiviral drugs are medications used specifically for treating the symptoms of viral infections. The first antiviral drug was interferon , a substance (protein) that is naturally produced by certain immune cells when an infection is detected. Interferons facilitate between cells of the immune system to trigger a response against the pathogen. Over the past twenty years, the development of antiviral drugs has increased rapidly. This has been driven by the AIDS epidemic .
    ::虽然数百年来人们通过接种疫苗能够预防某些病毒性疾病,但治疗病毒性疾病的抗病毒药物是相对而言的近期发展,抗病毒药物是专门用于治疗病毒性感染症状的药物,第一种抗病毒药物是干预性药物,一种在发现感染时自然由某些免疫细胞生产的药物(蛋白质),干扰性药物有助于免疫系统细胞之间引发对病原体的反应,在过去二十年里,抗病毒药物的发展迅速增加,这是艾滋病流行的驱动因素。

    Like antibiotics , specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. They are relatively harmless to the host, and, therefore, can be used to treat infections. Most of the antiviral drugs now available are designed to help deal with and herpes viruses. Antiviral drugs are also available for the influenza viruses and the Hepatitis B and C viruses, which can cause liver .
    ::与抗生素一样,特定抗病毒药物也用于特定病毒,对宿主来说相对无害,因此可用于治疗感染,现有大多数抗病毒药物都是为了帮助应对和防治疹病毒,流感病毒、乙型肝炎和可造成肝脏的丙型肝炎病毒也有抗病毒药物。

    Antiviral drugs are often imitation building blocks which viruses incorporate into their genomes during replication. The life-cycle of the virus is then halted because the newly synthesized DNA is inactive. Similarly to antibiotics, anti-virals are subject to drug resistance, as the pathogens evolve to survive exposure to the treatment. HIV evades the immune system by constantly changing the amino acid sequence of the proteins on the surface of the virion . Researchers are now working to extend the range of antivirals to other families of pathogens.
    ::抗病毒药物往往是仿照病毒在复制过程中融入其基因组的构件,病毒的生命周期因此停止,因为新合成的DNA没有作用。与抗生素一样,抗病毒药物也具有抗药性,因为病原体会随着病原体的演化而存活下来。艾滋病毒通过不断改变病毒表面蛋白的氨基酸序列而逃避免疫系统。研究人员目前正在努力将抗病毒的范围扩大到病原体的其他家族。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Vaccines prevent viral diseases. Antiviral drugs treat the symptoms of viral infections and attack the virus.
      ::疫苗能预防病毒性疾病,抗病毒药物能治疗病毒感染症状并感染病毒。

    Review
    ::回顾

    Use this image of a public health poster to answer the following two questions:
    ::使用这幅公众健康海报的图片回答以下两个问题:

    1. What disease is the subject of this poster?
      ::这幅海报的主题是什么疾病?
    2. What is the poster asking people to do?
      ::海报要求人们做什么?