11.31 研究中的病毒 -- -- 先进
Section outline
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How can help in research?
::如何帮助研究?If you think about it, viruses are really good at delivering . So, what would happen if the viral DNA were replaced with useful DNA? And then, what would happen if that useful DNA were incorporated into the host genome and were passed down to future generations of cells? These are important questions that need answers.
::如果你考虑一下,病毒是非常好的。所以,如果病毒DNA被有用的DNA所取代,会发生什么呢?然后,如果将有用的DNA纳入宿主基因组,并传给后代细胞,会发生什么情况?这些都是需要答案的重要问题。Viruses in Research
::研究中的病毒Viruses are extremely important tools in the study of molecular and cellular biology . Since viruses infect cells by moving their genetic material into the host cell's , they are helpful in the investigation of the functions of cells. For example, the use of viruses in research has helped our understanding of the basics of molecular genetics , such as DNA replication , , processing, , transport, and immunology.
::病毒是分子和细胞生物学研究中极为重要的工具。 由于病毒通过将遗传物质移入宿主细胞而感染细胞,因此它们有助于研究细胞的功能。 比如,病毒在研究中使用有助于我们了解分子遗传学的基本原理,比如DNA复制、加工、加工、运输和免疫学。Viruses and Medicine
::病毒和药物Geneticists often use viruses as vectors to introduce genes into cells that they are studying. A viral vector is a tool commonly used by molecular biologists to place genetic material into cells. To be a useful viral vector, the virus is modified so that it will not cause disease, and it will infect only certain types of cells. Phages are often used as vectors to genetically modify .
::遗传学家常常利用病毒作为媒介,将基因引入他们正在研究的细胞。病毒媒介是分子生物学家常用的工具,用来将遗传物质引入细胞。 作为一种有用的病毒媒介,病毒经过修改后不会引起疾病,它只会感染某些种类的细胞。 病毒媒介经常被用作基因改变的媒介。In a similar fashion, viral therapy uses viruses to genetically modify diseased cells and tissues . Viral therapy shows promise as a method of and in the treatment of . Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into a person’s cells and tissues to treat a disease. In the case of a genetic disease, the defective gene is replaced with a working gene. Although the technology is still new, it has been used with some success.
::类似地,病毒疗法也利用病毒基因改变疾病细胞和组织。病毒疗法作为一种治疗方法或治疗方法很有前途。基因疗法是将基因插入一个人的细胞和组织以治疗疾病。在基因疾病的情况下,缺陷基因被工作基因所取代。虽然技术仍然很新,但已经成功地应用了。Scientists have focused on gene therapy for diseases caused by single-gene defects, such as cystic fibrosis , hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, and sickle cell anemia. In gene therapy, the correct version of the gene is introduced to human cells by using a viral vector, such as the adenovirus shown in Figure .
::科学家关注单基因缺陷引起的疾病的基因疗法,如细胞纤维化、血友病、肌肉萎缩和镰状细胞贫血。 在基因疗法中,通过使用病毒媒介(如图中所示的肾脏病毒)将正确的基因引入人体细胞。Phages have been used for over 60 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe. They are seen as a hope against multi drug resistant strains of many bacteria because they can infect and kill these “superbugs.” However, in the case of MRSA, a phage infecting the bacterium produces a toxin that makes the bacterium more virulent and difficult to contain.
::60多年来,在前苏联和东欧,这些药片一直被用作抗生素的替代药,在前苏联和东欧,这些药片被视为对抗多种抗药菌株的希望,因为它们能够感染和杀死这些“超级虫 ” 。 但是,就MRSA而言,感染细菌的药片会产生一种毒素,使细菌更加毒害和难以抑制。Viruses that infect cancer cells are being studied for their use in cancer treatments. Oncolytic viruses are viruses that lyse and kill cancer cells. Some researchers are hoping to treat some cancers with these viruses.
::感染癌症细胞的病毒正在被研究用于癌症治疗。 肿瘤病毒是治疗和杀死癌症细胞的病毒。 一些研究人员希望用这些病毒治疗一些癌症。Gene therapy using an Adenovirus vector. A new gene is inserted into an adenovirus vector, which is used to introduce the modified DNA into a human cell. If the treatment is successful, the new gene will get into the nucleus and into the target cell DNA to make a functional protein.
::使用亚登病毒媒介的基因治疗。一种新的基因被插入一种亚登病毒媒介,该媒介用来将经过修改的DNA引入人体细胞。如果治疗成功,新基因将进入核,进入目标细胞DNA,以产生功能性蛋白。Summary
::摘要-
Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into a person’s cells and tissues to treat a disease. A virus that specifically infects the target cell type may be used to carry the new gene into the cell's nucleus.
::基因疗法是将基因插入一个人的细胞和组织以治疗疾病。 一种特别感染目标细胞类型的病毒可能被用来将新基因带入细胞核心。
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Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into a person’s cells and tissues to treat a disease. A virus that specifically infects the target cell type may be used to carry the new gene into the cell's nucleus.
