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  • 真菌 - 高级

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    Would you eat this mushroom ?
    ::你会吃这个蘑菇吗?

    Now that's an interesting mushroom! In fact, fungi can be some of the most colorful organisms . And can be some of the most interesting. These two kingdoms are the first two eukaryotic kingdoms we discuss and have some of the most diverse members.
    ::现在,这是一个有趣的蘑菇!事实上,真菌可以成为最丰富多彩的生物。 也可以成为最有趣的生物。 这两个王国是我们讨论的最初两个 乌卡里亚化的王国, 并且有一些最多样化的成员。

    This quintessential toadstool, the fly agaric or fly Amanita, is a poisonous and psychoactive fungus. It is a large, white-gilled, white-spotted, and usually deep red mushroom. It is one of the most recognizable and widely encountered fungi in popular culture. You should not eat it.
    ::一种有毒的、有精神作用的真菌。 它是一种大型的、白色的、白斑的、通常深红的蘑菇。 它是流行文化中最可识别和最广泛接触的真菌之一。您不应该吃它。

    Fungi
    ::真菌

    So what exactly is the black and green fuzzy stuff growing on the bread in Figure ? It looks a little slimy, but it is not ; it is green, but it is not a plant. Instead, these little organisms are in their own of life, the kingdom Fungi . Spoilage of foods might be one of the more visible effects of fungi in your everyday life, but they play a very important role in the environment as well. Many fungi break down dead, organic matter, returning nutrients to the soil for other organisms to use. Humans also use different fungi as food or to make certain foods. You will learn from the Fungi concepts that life would be very different if fungi were not around.
    ::因此,在图中面包上生长的黑色和绿色模糊的东西究竟是什么?它看起来有点粘糊糊糊的,但它不是;它是绿色的,但它不是植物。相反,这些小有机体是属于他们自己的生命,Fungi王国。食物的腐蚀可能是真菌在日常生活中的更明显的影响之一,但它们在环境中也起着非常重要的作用。许多真菌在死亡中作用,有机物质,将养分带回土壤,供其他生物使用。人类还使用不同的真菌作为食物或制造某些食物。你会从真菌的概念中了解到,如果真菌不在周围,生命将会非常不同。

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    Inconvenient as mold growth in the kitchen might be, these tiny organisms play an important role in almost every terrestrial ecosystem on Earth.

    Yeast to Mushrooms
    ::特制至蘑菇

    So what are fungi? Fungi are heterotrophic organisms; they do not photosynthesize. Most fungi are multicellular, but some grow as single . Fungi are characterized by their cell walls , which contain chitin . Chitin is a tough polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of , , and other . Mushrooms, yeasts, and molds, shown in Figure , are members of the kingdom Fungi. Around 70,000 fungal have been described, but Kingdom Fungi is believed to contain about 1.5 million species. Fungi are very different organisms compared to the similar-looking and molds. They are more closely related to than to plants, yet the study of fungi, known as mycology, often falls under a branch of botany, which is the biological study of plants.
    ::那么,真菌是什么?真菌是血清营养生物?真菌不是光合作体;它们不是光合作体。大多数真菌是多细胞,但有些是单细胞。真菌的特征是细胞墙壁,里面有辣椒。Chitin是坚硬的多沙集体,组成了风扇骨和其他。图中显示的是蘑菇、酵母和霉菌,它们是风菌王国的成员。大约70,000只真菌被描述过,但相信风木王国含有大约150万种物种。真菌与相似的外观和模具相比,非常不同的生物。它们比植物更接近,而关于真菌的研究(称为神学)通常属于植物的植物分支,也就是植物的生物研究。

     

    • Members of Kingdom Fungi. Clockwise, from top: Mushrooms, Mold, Jelly ears
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    • Members of Kingdom Fungi. Clockwise, from top: Mushrooms, Mold, Jelly ears
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    • Members of Kingdom Fungi. Clockwise, from top: Mushrooms, Mold, Jelly ears
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      ::编辑此标题
    Members of Kingdom Fungi. Clockwise, from top: Mushrooms, Mold, Jelly ears

    Many fungal species, such as mushrooms and truffles, have long been used as a direct source of food by humans. They have also been used to ferment certain food products, such as wine, beer, and soy sauce. They are also used to give cheese distinct flavors.
    ::许多真菌物种,如蘑菇和松露,长期以来一直被人类用作食物的直接来源,它们也被用来发酵某些食品,如葡萄酒、啤酒和酱油,它们也被用来给奶酪提供不同的口味。

    More recently, fungi are being used as sources for antibiotics and various , such as cellulases and proteases which have many industrial uses. Several species of fungi are of humans and other animals. Losses due to fungal diseases of crops or food spoilage caused by fungi can have a large impact on human food supply and local economies. Many fungi produce compounds, such as alkaloids, that are toxic to animals including humans; these toxins are known as mycotoxins.
    ::最近,真菌正被用作抗生素和多种药物的来源,例如具有多种工业用途的细胞素和蛋白,几种真菌是人类和其他动物的。真菌是人类和其他动物的几种物种。真菌造成的真菌作物真菌疾病或粮食变质的损耗对人类食品供应和当地经济具有重大影响。许多真菌制造的化合物,如藻类,对动物,包括人类有毒;这些毒素被称为我的毒物。

     

     

    Evolutionary History of Fungi
    ::蘑菇进化史

    Even though traditionally included in botanical studies, fungi are now thought to be more closely related to animals than to plants. Fungi appear to have originated as that were similar to the existing chytrid fungi, which have a flagellum . Plants and fungi appear to have evolved from each other approximately one billion years ago. 396 million-year-old rocks with fungi have been found in Scotland; one such rock is shown in  Figure . The first land fungi probably appeared right after the first land plants appeared. Fungi appear to have been the dominant life form on Earth about 251 million years ago, as fungi are found in most fossil records of this time period.
    ::尽管在植物学研究中传统上包括了真菌,但现在人们认为,真菌与动物的关系比植物更为密切。真菌的起源似乎与现存的长鳍真菌相似,后者有。植物和真菌大约在10亿年前就相互演变了。在苏格兰发现了3.96亿长年的真菌岩石;图中显示了其中的一块。第一块地真菌可能出现在第一批陆地植物出现之后。真菌似乎是大约25亿年前地球上的主要生命形式,因为真菌在这个时期的大部分化石记录中都发现了真菌。

    Analyses of fungal gene sequences support the idea that all fungi have a single common ancestor . As a result, they are placed in a single phylogenetic group. (You can read more about phylogeny in the : Phylogeny (Advanced) concept.) Molecular analysis has given scientists new insights into how fungi are related to each other and to other organisms. Traditional classification methods are based on physical appearance and the ability to mate with one another. Such methods have had limited use classifying organisms such as the dimorphic Histoplasma fungi, which looks very different, depending on the temperature. Similar to classification of other organisms, the classification of fungi is changing due to the study of their sequences.
    ::对真菌基因序列的分析支持了所有真菌有一个单一共同的祖先的想法。 结果,它们被放在一个单一的植物基因组中。 (你可以阅读更多关于植物基因学的内容: Phylorgeny (Adced) 概念。)分子分析使科学家们对真菌彼此之间以及与其他生物的关系有了新的了解。传统的分类方法以物理外观和相互交配的能力为基础。 这种方法限制了对生物的分类,例如二形态型的Histopollasma真菌,它看起来非常不同,取决于温度。与其他生物的分类类似,真菌的分类正在随着对序列的研究而变化。

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    A rock from the Rhynie Chert from Rhynie, Scotland. The strata of sedimentary rock contain exceptionally preserved plant, fungal, and animal material, fossilized after they were covered with fast-setting volcanic minerals. Most of the fossil bed is made up of primitive plants and fungi.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Fungi are heterotrophic organisms; they do not photosynthesize. Most fungi are multicellular, but some grow as single cells. Fungi are characterized by their cell walls, which contain chitin.
      ::菌类是血清营养生物;它们不光合作体。 大部分真菌是多细胞型的,但有些生长成单细胞。 真菌的特征是细胞墙,里面有辣椒。
    • Plants and fungi appear to have evolved from each other approximately one billion years ago.
      ::植物和真菌似乎在大约10亿年前从彼此中演变而来。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Identify two characteristics that all fungi have.
      ::找出所有真菌都有的两个特征
    2. What defines fungi from plants?
      ::植物的真菌是什么定义?
    3. Summarize one hypothesis about the origin of fungi.
      ::概括一下关于真菌起源的一个假设。
    4. Are fungi closely related to plants?
      ::真菌和植物有密切关系吗?