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  • Zygomycota - 高级

    Mold on bread

    Look appetizing?
    ::开胃菜?

    Hopefully not to you. But to the bread growing and living on this bread, it is very appetizing. As the grow inwards into the bread, they live off of the nutrients they absorb.
    ::但对于种植并生活在面包上的面包来说,它非常美味。随着面包的内向增长,它们靠吸收的营养来生活。

    Phylum Zygomycota
    ::祖戈米科塔

    The phylum Zygomycota has over 1000 . Zygomycetes are fungi characterized by the formation of sexual spores ( zygospores ). Zygomycete hyphae are usually coenocytic, forming septa only where gametes are formed or to wall off dead hyphae. The name of the phylum comes from zygosporangia, the resistant spherical spores that form during . Zygomycetes are mostly in habitat , living in soil or on decaying plant or material. Some are parasites of plants, , or small soil animals.
    ::Zygomycete yphae 通常都是遗传细胞,只有在形成交织物的地方才形成塞普塔,或者把死合物围起来。这些植物的名字来自zygosporangia(Zygomycetes),这是在Zygomycete(Zygospores)期间形成的抗药性球状螺旋。Zygomycete 主要是栖息地,生活在土壤中,或者生活在腐烂的植物或物质上。有些是植物的寄生虫,或者是小的土壤动物。

    in these fungi occurs most commonly by forming nonmotile sporangiospores in sporangia (singular, sporangium ), as shown in Figure . In addition, arthrospores, chlamydospores, and yeast can be formed by some species. The mature asexual spores can be dispersed by air, , or by small animals.
    ::在这种真菌中,最常见的情况是,如图所示,在草原(同源、)中形成非运动性无脊椎动物。此外,亚甲状腺素、衣状腺素和酵母可以由某些物种组成。成熟的异性螺丝可以通过空气、或小动物散布。

    Schematic diagram of the reproductive structures of a fungus of the genus Rhizopus.
    Schematic diagram of the reproductive structures of a fungus of the genus Rhizopus.
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    Rhizopus lifecycle. When two hyphae of different mating types meet, they form a diploid zygospore.

    Reproduction of Zygomycetes
    ::Zygomycetes的复制

    A common example of a Zygomycete is black bread mold ( Rhizopus stolonifera ), a member of the Mucorales. It spreads over the surface of bread and other food sources, sending hyphae inward to absorb nutrients. In its asexual phase, it develops black sporangia at the tips of upright hyphae. Each sporangium contains hundreds of haploid spores.
    ::Zygomycete的一个常见例子是黑面包模型(Rhizopuss stoloneifera),它是Mucorales的成员,它散布在面包和其他食物来源的表面上,向内输送合金以吸收养分。在性生活阶段,它以直立的合金为尖尖尖点发展黑螺旋。每根都含有成百上千的辣椒。

    If the mycelia of complementary mating types are present, the fungus reproduces sexually and produces zygosporangia. Zygosporangia are typically thick-walled spores that are very resilient to environmental stresses such as heat, cold, or dry conditions. When conditions improve, they germinate to produce hyphae, as shown in  Figure .
    ::如果存在互补交配类型的迷宫,真菌会发生性繁殖,并产生zygosporangia。 Zygosporangia通常是厚厚墙的螺旋体,非常能抵御热、冷或干等环境压力。 如图所示,当条件改善时,它们会发芽产生合性。

    Some Zygomycetes release their spores in a controlled manner, rather than simply allowing them to drift aimlessly in the air. Pilobolus, a fungus that grows on animal dung, bends its sporangiophores towards light with the help of a light sensitive pigment and then "fires" them with an explosive squirt of high-pressure cytoplasm . This is an example of phototropism . The sporangia can be launched as far as two meters, placing them far away from the dung and hopefully on vegetation which will be eaten by an herbivore . Different mechanisms for forcible spore discharge have evolved among members of the Zygomycetes.
    ::一些齐戈米切斯以有控制的方式释放了它们的螺旋,而不是简单地允许它们无目的地漂浮在空气中。 皮洛波卢斯(Pilobolus)是种在动物粪便上生长的真菌,在一种轻度敏感色素的帮助下,将食草动物弯向光线方向,然后用高压囊肿片的爆炸性螺旋状发火。 这是光质运动的一个例子。 鼠驼可以发射两米远,远离粪便,希望植物会被草原吃掉。 兹戈米茨成员之间已经形成了不同的强制释放卵子的机制。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Zygomycetes are fungi characterized by the formation of sexual spores (zygospores).
      ::Zygomycetes是真菌,其特点是形成性螺旋(zygospores)。
    • Zygomycetes are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites on plants, insects or small soil animals.
      ::Zygomistes大多在陆地上栖息,生活在土壤或腐烂的植物或动物材料上,有些是植物、昆虫或小土壤动物的寄生虫。
    • Asexual reproduction in these fungi occurs most commonly by forming nonmotile sporangiospores in sporangia.
      ::在这种真菌中,性生殖最常见的方式是形成无运动的无运动性无脊椎动物。
    • If the mycelia of complementary mating types are present, the fungus reproduces sexually and produces zygosporangia.
      ::如果有互补交配类型的迷宫存在,真菌会性繁殖,产生zygosporangia。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What characterizes zygomycetes?
      ::什么是zygomycetes的特点?
    2. Where are zygomycetes found?
      ::zygomycetes在哪里发现?
    3. What are some advantages of producing zygospores?
      ::生产zygospores有什么好处?
    4. How do zygomycetes spread their spores?
      ::zygomycetes是如何传播 他们的颗粒?