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  • 大气环流对气候的影响

    A sailing ship with sails raised, navigating calm ocean waters under a blue sky.
     

    Would you like to go to the horse latitudes?
    ::你想去马的纬度吗?

    Imagine you're on a sailing ship that's carrying horses among other cargo. You want to go from Spain to northern South America. For a smooth ride west, you need to get the ship into the trade  winds . But where the trade winds and the westerlies meet is a zone where air flows vertically downward. It's hard to get through there in a sailing ship. So your ship gets stuck. For weeks. There's no more  water  or food for the horses so you throw them overboard. Some people think this is where the horse latitudes got their name.
    ::想象一下你在一艘载着马匹的帆船上。 你想从西班牙到南美洲北部。 为了顺畅的向西航行, 您需要将船运到贸易风中。 但贸易风和西虫相遇的地方是空气垂直向下流动的地区。 很难在一艘帆船中通过。 因此您的船卡住了。 几个星期后, 您的船会卡住。 没有更多的水或食物可以骑马, 所以您把它们扔下船。 有些人认为这里是马的纬度得到他们名字的地方 。

    More Effects of Latitude on Climate
    ::纬度对气候的更多影响

    We saw that the amount of solar radiation an area receives depends on its  . The amount of solar radiation affects the   of a region. Latitude has other effects on  climate .
    ::我们看到,一个地区的太阳辐射量取决于它。太阳辐射量影响到一个区域,纬度对气候有其他影响。

    Latitude and Prevailing Winds
    ::纬度和流行风风

    Global air currents cause  global winds . The figure below shows the direction that these winds blow ( Figure   ). Global winds are the prevailing, or usual, winds at a given latitude. The winds move  , which causes  .
    ::全球气流引起全球风。下图显示了这些风吹的方向(图 )。全球风是特定纬度的风,或通常的风。风移动,引起。

    The direction of prevailing winds determines which type of air mass usually moves over an area. For example, a west wind might bring warm moist air from over an ocean. An east wind might bring cold dry air from over a  mountain  range. Which wind prevails has a big effect on the climate. What if the prevailing winds are westerlies? The westerlies blow from nearer the  equator  to farther from the equator. How would they affect the climate?
    ::流行风的方向决定了哪类空气质量通常在某一地区移动。 例如, 西方风可能会从海洋上空带来温暖的潮湿空气。 东方风可能会从山脉上空带来冷淡的干燥空气。 哪一种风会给气候带来很大影响。 如果流行风是西风呢? 微风会从赤道附近吹到赤道以外更远的地方。 它们会如何影响气候呢 ?

    Map showing global wind patterns including westerlies, trade winds, and the equator.
     
    The usual direction of the wind where you live depends on your latitude. This determines where you are in the global wind belts.

    Latitude and Precipitation
    ::纬度和降水

    Global air currents affect  . How they affect it varies with latitude ( Figure   ). Where air rises, it cools and there is precipitation. Where air sinks, it warms and causes  evaporation . These patterns are part of the  .
    ::全球空气流影响全球空气流。它们的影响因纬度而异(图 )。空气上升时,空气会冷却,降水会降水。空气沉降时,空气汇会变暖,导致蒸发。这些模式是其中的一部分。

    Global air currents and their impact on precipitation at various latitudes.
     
    Global air currents are shown on the left. You can see how they affect climate on the right.

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Prevailing winds are the result of atmospheric circulation cells. They influence the climate of a region.
      ::流行的风是大气循环细胞的结果,它们影响一个区域的气候。
    • Rising and sinking air can influence the precipitation of a region.
      ::空气的上升和沉没可能影响一个区域的降水量。
    • Atmospheric circulation cells create the general climate of a region.
      ::大气循环细胞形成一个区域的一般气候。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are prevailing winds? How do they affect climate?
      ::什么是风?它们如何影响气候?
    1. Where is there not much wind?
      ::哪里没有大风?
    1. How do atmospheric circulation cells affect precipitation?
      ::大气循环细胞如何影响降水?