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  • Cytokines和Gibelellins - 高级

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    Plant Hormones: Cytokines and Gibberellins
    ::植物激素:Cytokines和Gibelellins

    Cytokinins: Cell division and “Fountain of Youth”
    ::Cytokinins: 细胞分区和“青年之泉”

    If you recall that cytokinesis is , you will more easily remember that cytokinins promote cell division. Growing tissues such as embryos , fruits , and produce cytokinins. Those produced in the roots move up the plant through the xylem . Alone, cytokinins have no effect on growing , but together with , they induce cell division. The ratio of cytokinin to auxin determines cell differentiation : an excess of cytokinins produces shoots and buds, an excess of auxin results in roots. Cytokinins interact with auxin to regulate apical dominance, with cytokinins stimulating -and auxin inhibiting - axillary bud . Again, the balance is critical.
    ::如果你记得细胞外皮是细胞外皮, 你会更容易记住细胞外皮会促进细胞分裂。 生长组织如胚胎、 水果和生产细胞外皮。 根部生产的细胞外皮会通过xylem 移动植物。 单靠细胞外皮不会对生长产生影响, 但是会诱发细胞分裂。 细胞外皮与 uxin 的比例决定细胞的差别: 细胞外皮的过多会产生芽和芽, 导致产卵结果的过多。 细胞外皮会与树脂发生相互作用, 以调节皮肤上的主导, 并且细胞外皮刺激 - 和辅助抑制 - 轴外皮芽。 平衡也是至关重要的 。

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    Cytokinins derive their name from their role in cytokinesis, or cell division (left). Florists use cytokinin’s ability to delay aging of flowers and leaves to preserve cut flowers (right).

    Cytokinins also slow aging of leaves and flowers , reducing the breakdown of and stimulating synthesis of and protein. Florists take advantage of this property to preserve flowers by spraying them with cytokinins.
    ::花店家利用这些财产保存花卉,喷洒花瓣。 花店家用花叶和花花来保护花卉,喷洒花瓣。 花店家用花叶和花花来保护花卉。 花店家的花叶和花花也缓慢地老化,减少了蛋白质和蛋白质的分解和刺激作用。

    Gibberellins: Elongation and Seed Germination
    ::Gibelellins: 延长和种子放大

    More than 110 gibberellins (G1 – G110) are known ( Figure ). This group of is named for a Gibberella , which secretes the first known of the 120 compounds, causing “foolish seedling” disease (excessive, abnormal growth) in rice plants.
    ::110多只胡言乱语(G1 - G110)是已知的(图 ) 。 这组人的名字是Gibelella。 Gibelella将120种化合物中第一种称为Gibelella,它把已知的120种化合物中第一种隐藏起来,导致稻谷植物出现“肥嫩的幼苗”疾病(过度、异常生长 ) 。

     

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    More than 110 different gibberellins have been identified. Gibberellic acid, GA3, a plant hormone, is the Chemical structure of gibberellin A1 and the chemical structure of gibberellin A19.
    ::Gibelellic酸,GA3,一种植物荷尔蒙,是ngbelellin A1的化学结构和ngbelellin A19的化学结构。

    Like auxins, gibberellins promote cell elongation and growth of and leaves at low concentrations, and too much can reverse those effects. An example of their effect on stems is “bolting” – the rapid growth of stem internodes, which transforms a plant from a compact, leafy rosette to a tall stalk of flowers. Although farmers bemoan the smaller leaves and bitter taste that accompanies bolting in plants such as spinach and lettuce, the plant itself benefits from the elevation of flowers and seeds for better pollination and seed dispersal . Grape growers celebrate these same effects, spraying their plants to grow longer stems to accommodate larger fruits.
    ::象木头一样,胡贝林斯能促进细胞延长、生长和低浓度叶子的生长,而太多的胡贝林可以逆转这些效应。 它们对果实的影响的一个例子就是“毁灭 ” 。 干果间插管的快速增长 — — 将一个植物从紧凑的叶子玫瑰变成一棵高的花丛。 尽管农民在菠菜和生菜等植物中吸食小叶子和苦味,但植物本身却得益于花卉和种子的高涨,以获得更好的授粉和种子散布。 葡萄种植者庆祝了这些效应,喷洒植物以长出长长的果实以容纳更大的果实。

    Gibberellins break down stored food in endosperm , stimulating growth of the embryo in a seed. This reverses the effects of ABA to cause germination ( Figure ). Greenhouses make use of this trait to germinate otherwise dormant seeds. “Malting” grain – such as barley, to make scotch – uses gibberellins for the release of which break down starches and proteins, so that the yeasts can use them in .
    ::吉伯林斯(Gibelellins)将储存的食物分解为内骨质,刺激胚胎在种子中的生长。 这逆转了ABA的作用,导致发芽(Figure ) 。 温室利用这种特质将其他休眠种子发芽。 “麦氏”谷物 — — 如大麦(Malting ) — —用来制造苏格兰威士忌 — — 用来释放胡椒,从而打破了淀粉和蛋白质,使酵母可以使用它们。

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    Another effect of gibberellins is breaking seed dormancy for germination, as for lettuce sprouts (left). Gibberellins may be used to “malt” (germinate) barley for the production of scotch (right).

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Cytokinins delay aging in leaves and flowers.
      ::阴茎延缓树叶和花朵的老化
    • Gibberellins elongate stem internodes in lettuce to elevate flowers and seeds for pollination and dispersal.
      ::Gibelellins 长长的干干干插插管 在生菜中提升花朵和种子 供授粉和散布。
    • Gibberellins stimulate breakdown of endosperm, growth of the embryo, and seed germination.
      ::Gibelellins刺激内分泌细胞破裂、胚胎生长和种子发芽。
    • Greenhouses use gibberellins to germinate dormant seeds.
      ::温室利用胡言乱语来繁殖休眠种子
    • Breweries use gibberellins to “malt” grains, activating enzymes to break down stored foods for use by yeasts.
      ::Breweries使用胡椒脂来“混合”谷物,激活酶来分解储存的粮食,供酵母使用。