14.4 动物行为----高级

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  动物行为 - 高级

  

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  Is hunting a type of behavior?
  ::狩猎是一种行为吗?

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  It is. Hunting is a way that organisms interact, so it is a behavior. It may not be a very pleasant behavior for one of the involved, but it is still a behavior.
  ::这是。狩猎是一种生物互动的方式, 所以它是一种行为。对于其中的参与者来说, 它可能不是一种非常愉快的行为, 但是它仍然是一种行为。

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  Studying Animal Behavior
  ::研究动物行为

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  Animal behavior includes all the ways in which animals interact with other members of their , with organisms of other species, and with their environment. Several common examples of animal behavior are shown in the Figure The study of animal behavior is called ethology .
  ::动物行为包括动物与其他动物成员、其他物种生物及其环境互动的所有方式。图中显示了动物行为的一些常见例子。 动物行为的研究称为“动物行为研究”。

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    ::蜘蛛在网络上转动
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    ::鸟儿筑巢
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    ::狼叫和猎杀像群狼群一样

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  Ethology
  ::种族学

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  Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior. Like genetics and ecology , for example, ethology is a branch of biology . Three 20 ^th century European scientists are usually considered to be the founders of ethology: Konrad Lorenz, Karl von Frisch (shown in the Figure  , and Nikolaas (Niko) Tinbergen. All three studied animal behavior for several decades, beginning in the 1920s or 1930s. In 1973, they jointly received the in Physiology or Medicine for their work. 
  ::伦理学是动物行为的科学研究。例如,像遗传学和生态学一样,伦理学是生物学的一个分支。 20世纪的三个欧洲科学家通常被认为是伦理学的创始人:Konrad Lorenz, Karl von Frisch(以图著称,以及Nikolas (Niko) Tinbergen。这三个人研究了动物行为几十年,从1920年代或1930年代开始。 1973年,他们共同接受了生理学或医学方面的研究。

  

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  Like most other early ethologists, Lorenz, von Frisch, and Tinbergen mainly investigated animal behavior in natural settings rather than in a . Lorenz studied the behavior of geese and other . He is best known for his discovery of imprinting, a type of behavior that is described below. Von Frisch studied the behavior of honeybees. He determined how they communicate with one another (see the Animal Behavior: (Advanced) concept). Tinbergen studied gulls and called sticklebacks. He is noted for his contributions to the understanding of instinct , which is also discussed later.
  ::Lorenz、von Frisch和Tinbergen与其他早期的神学学家一样,主要调查自然环境中的动物行为,而不是自然环境中的动物行为。Lorenz研究了鹅和其他动物的行为。他以发现印记而闻名,这是下面描述的一种行为。Von Frisch研究了蜜蜂的行为。他决定了它们如何相互沟通(见动物行为(Advanced)概念)。Tinbergen研究了海鸥和所谓的粘结。他因其对理解本能的贡献而备受注意,下文也对此进行了讨论。

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  Understanding Animal Behavior
  ::了解动物行为

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  In addition to his investigations of specific behaviors in animals, Tinbergen identified four basic questions that he thought should be answered to fully understand any animal behavior:
  ::Tinbergen除了调查动物的具体行为外, 也指出四个基本问题,

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  1. What causes the behavior? What is the stimulus (plural, stimuli ), or trigger, for the behavior? What body parts and functions are involved when the behavior is performed?
     ::导致行为的原因是什么? 刺激( 多元、 刺激) 或触发( 触发) 是什么? 当行为发生时, 涉及到哪些身体部分和功能 ?
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  2. How does the behavior develop? Is the behavior present early in life, or does it develop as the animal matures? What experiences are necessary for the behavior to develop?
     ::行为如何发展?行为是生命早期出现的行为,还是随着动物成熟而发展?行为发展需要哪些经验?
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  3. Why did the behavior evolve? How does the behavior affect the fitness of individuals in a species? How does it influence the survival of the species as a whole?
     ::为什么行为会演变?行为会如何影响物种中个体的健康状况?它会如何影响整个物种的生存?
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  4. How did the behavior evolve? How does the behavior compare with similar behaviors in related species? In what ancestor species did the behavior first appear?
     ::行为是如何演变的?行为如何与相关物种的类似行为相比较?行为首先出现在哪个祖先物种?

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  An example of how Tinbergen’s four questions can be applied to the study of a particular animal behavior is described in the Understanding Bird Song Table.
  ::Tinbergen的四个问题如何应用于研究特定动物行为的例子,见《理解鸟歌表》。

  Understanding Bird Song

  Question	Answer
  1. What causes the behavior?	The ability to produce songs is influenced by male and occurs mainly in male songbirds. Songs are produced when air flows from large air sacs in the bronchi through an organ called the syrinx. Certain parts of the brain control song production and are well developed in male songbirds.
  2. How does the behavior develop?	Young male songbirds first listen to the songs of nearby males of their species. Then they start to practice singing. By , male songbirds have learned how to produce the song that is characteristic of their species.
  3. Why did the behavior evolve?	Singing helps male birds attract mates, so it increases the chances that they will reproduce. Singing also helps male songbirds claim a territory and discourage potential competitors. This, in turn, helps ensure that the male songbirds will be able to mate and have enough food to survive.
  4. How did the behavior evolve?	Almost all species of birds can make vocal sounds, but only those in the suborder Passeri are songbirds. Evidence suggests that songbirds evolved about 50 million years ago in what is now Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea. They later spread around the world.

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  This table shows how Tinbergen’s four questions have been answered for a particular type of behavior that occurs in many male birds: producing the song that is characteristic of their species.
  ::本表显示了Tinbergen的四个问题是如何为许多雄鸟中发生的一种特定行为而得到解答的:即制作作为它们物种特征的歌曲。

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  Summary
  ::摘要

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  • Animal behavior includes all the ways in which animals interact with other members of their species, with organisms of other species, and with their environment.
    ::动物行为包括动物与其他物种成员、其他物种生物及其环境相互作用的所有方式。
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  • Tinbergen focused on cause, development, reasons for evolution, and how the evolution occurred.
    ::Tinbergen侧重于事业、发展、进化原因以及进化是如何发生的。

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  Review
  ::回顾

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  1. Who were the founders of ethology?
     ::谁是道德学的创始人?
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  2. What were Tinbergen's four questions that guided his study of animal behavior? 
     ::Tinbergen的四个问题是什么 指导他研究动物行为?