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  • 动物的社会行为 -- -- 高级

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    Teamwork?
    ::团队合作?

    Yes. Some , as seen with these ants here, practice teamwork or cooperation to complete a task. Here they are working together to move this piece of food .
    ::是的,从这里看到的这些蚂蚁身上可以看到,有些为完成任务而进行团队合作或合作,它们正在共同努力,以移动这一片食物。

    Social Living
    ::社会生活

    Social animals are animals that are highly interactive with other members of their own . They have a recognizable and distinct society . A society is a group of individuals of the same species that are organized in a cooperative manner. Social living is most common in , , and mammals . Ants, bees, crows, penguins, wolves, and humans are just a few examples of animals that are social. Social behavior is behavior that is directed toward or takes place between members of the same species. (Behaviors such as , which involve members of different species, are not usually considered social behaviors.) Social behaviors involve more than just reproducing and caring for offspring. For example, individuals in a social group may help defend or share food with one another. Types of social behavior include cooperation and , both of which are discussed below.
    ::社会动物是指与自身其他成员高度互动的动物。他们拥有一个可识别和独特的社会。社会是一个由同一物种的个人组成的群体,以合作的方式组织起来。社会生活在(......)和哺乳动物中最为常见。蚂蚁、蜜蜂、乌鸦、企鹅、狼和人类只是社会动物的少数例子。社会行为是针对同一物种成员的行为或由同一物种成员之间发生的行为。(诸如涉及不同物种成员的行为通常不被视为社会行为。 )社会行为涉及的不仅仅是再生和照顾后代。例如,一个社会群体中的个人可以帮助相互保护或分享食物。社会行为的类型包括合作,两者都在下文讨论。

    Eusociality
    ::社会 -- -- 社会 -- -- 社会社会

    Eusociality is an extreme form of social living that occurs in some animal species. Eusocial species have highly organized societies, in which individuals are specialized for different roles. Members of the group cooperate to care for the young, find food, and perform virtually all other important functions. Many species of insects are eusocial, including the majority of ant, termite, and bee species. A few species of and mammals are eusocial as well.
    ::社会经济是某些动物物种中的一种极端的社会生活形式; 社会经济物种有高度有组织的社会,其中个人具有不同作用,集体成员合作照顾年轻人,寻找食物,并发挥几乎所有其他重要功能; 许多昆虫是社会物种,包括大多数蚂蚁、白蚁和蜜蜂物种; 少数物种和哺乳动物也是社会物种。

    Ants, like the ones in  Figure , are known for their highly organized societies, which are called colonies. An ant colony may contain several million ants yet appear to operate as a single unit. The colony makes a nest in the soil . This is typically a low mound on and just below the ground with a system of tunnels and chambers (rooms). Most of the ants in a colony are females that never reproduce because they are infertile. The infertile females are divided into castes, or specialized forms. Some belong to the soldier caste and defend the nest against predators , including other insects and birds. The majority of infertile females belong to the worker caste and perform all the rest of the labor for the colony. They build and maintain the nest, forage for food outside the nest, feed and care for the young, and tend to the queen. The queen is the only fertile female and is larger than the other ants. In most ant species, there is just one queen per colony. The queen’s primary function is to lay eggs after mating with one or more fertile male ants, called drones. The drones have no other role and usually die soon after mating. The queen may live as long as 30 years and lay up to 3 or 4 millions eggs each month.
    ::像图中的蚂蚁一样,蚂蚁以高度有组织的社会而闻名,这些社会称为殖民地。蚂蚁聚居地可能包含数百万蚂蚁,但似乎却以单一单位的形式运作。蚁聚地在土壤中筑巢。通常是地下和地下下方的一个低丘体,有隧道和室室(房间)系统。蚁群中的大多数蚂蚁都是因为不育而永不繁殖的雌蚁。不育的雌蚁分为种性或特殊形式。有些是士兵种性的,保护巢穴,防止捕食者,包括其他昆虫和鸟类。大多数育种的母蚁属于工人种,为蚁群做所有其余的劳动。它们建造和维持巢穴,在巢外喂养食物,喂养和照顾年轻人,并照顾女王。母蚁是唯一肥沃的女性,比其他蚂蚁大。在大多数蚂蚁种中,只有一只母蚁。女王的主要功能是与一只或更多的雄蚁交配,包括其他昆虫和鸟类。大多数育种母蚁的主要功能是先产卵,它们属于工人种种种种种种种种,它们,为该蚁群的后代的后代种种种种,它们称为无人驾驶的母蚁。无人驾驶飞机。无人驾驶飞机,通常在三个月后,每30年或后起立鸡。

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    These ants belong to an ant colony that may number in the millions. The only ants that actually leave the colony’s nest are worker ants.
    ::这些蚂蚁属于一个可能数以百万计的蚂蚁聚居地。 唯一真正离开蚁巢的蚂蚁只有工蚁。

    Termites also live in colonies that may contain several million individuals. Their nests, called mounds, are relatively complex structures, like the one shown in  Figure . Depending on the species, termite mounds may be more than 10 meters (30 feet) in height, although most are not this tall. A typical colony consists of nymphs, which are semi-mature young, infertile workers and soldiers, and fertile males and females, often referred to as kings and queens. There may be just one king and queen in a colony, or there may be several. Like worker ants, worker termites build and maintain the nest, forage for food, feed and care for the young, and tend to the queen. Soldier termites are specialized to defend the mound from predators, which are most often ants. For example, the soldiers have large jaws for biting. In fact, their jaws may be so large that the soldiers are unable to eat unless fed by workers. Soldiers also have hard heads that they use to block tunnels and keep out invading ants. The primary role of the kings and queens is to reproduce. A mature queen termite may lay more than 2,000 eggs a day.
    ::白蚁也生活在可能包含数百万人的聚居地中。它们的巢,称为丘陵,是相对复杂的结构,如图中所示。根据物种,白蚁丘在高度上可能超过10米(30英尺),尽管大多数并不高。典型的聚居地由尼phs组成,它们是半成熟的年轻、不育的工人和士兵,以及生育的男女,通常被称为国王和女王。在聚居地中可能只有一个国王和女王,或者可能有几个。像工人蚂蚁一样,工人白蚁建造和维持巢,供养食物、喂养和照顾年轻人,并照顾女王。士兵的宿命用是专门保护山丘不受掠食者的伤害,而捕食者往往是蚂蚁。例如,士兵有大额的下巴,除非工人喂养,否则士兵可能吃不饱。士兵们还有硬头,他们用来堵住隧道,不侵犯蚂蚁。国王和王后的主要角色是2 000个鸡蛋,可能更成熟的一天。

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    This termite mound stands several meters in height. It is called a cathedral mound because of its shape.
    ::这个白蚁丘体身高几米 因其形状被称为大教堂丘体

    Aside from insects, eusociality is relatively rare in animals. Some shrimp are eusocial, but the only known eusocial vertebrates are mammals called mole rats. There are two species of mole rats. Both species live in burrows in dry areas of sub-Saharan Africa. They form colonies of several dozen individuals each. Each colony has one fertile female (the queen) and one to three fertile males with whom she mates. The other members of the colony are infertile workers. Different workers specialize in different jobs. For example, some workers mainly make burrows, and others primarily defend the colony from predators.
    ::除了昆虫之外,动物中也相对很少出现社会性。一些虾是社会性虾,但唯一已知的社会性脊椎动物是哺乳动物,称为鼠鼠。有两种类的鼠鼠。两种物种都生活在撒哈拉以南非洲干燥地区的洞穴中,它们构成数十人的聚居地,每个聚居地都有一名育母(母后)和一至三名育母(母后),与它们交配的育母男性。其他聚居地的成员是不育的工人。不同的工人专门从事不同的工作。例如,有些工人主要从事洞穴工作,而另一些则主要保护蚁群免受掠食者的侵扰。

    Cooperation
    ::合作合作

    In eusocial species, a colony has a clear division of labor. Only by working together can individual animals perform all the necessary functions of the colony. Working together with others instead of working alone is called cooperation. Cooperation is a hallmark of eusocial animals. It allows colonies to live in environments and exploit food sources that an individual acting alone could not. This is demonstrated by the following two examples of cooperative behavior. First, when a group of ants moves a much larger prey insect back to the nest to feed the colony ( Figure ). A single ant is too small to perform this task alone. Second, when hundreds of ants join together to form a “raft” that floats on the . This cooperative behavior helps the ants survive floods that would drown individual insects.
    ::在社会经济物种中,殖民地有明确的分工。 只有通过共同努力,单个动物才能履行殖民地的所有必要功能。 与其它动物合作而不是单独工作被称为合作。 合作是社会动物的标志。 它允许殖民地生活在环境中,开发个人单独行动所不能开发的粮食来源。 这表现在以下两个合作行为的例子中。 首先,当一群蚂蚁将大得多的猎物昆虫迁移回巢喂养蚁巢时( 图表 ) 。 单只一只蚂蚁太小, 无法单独执行这项任务。 其次,当几百只蚂蚁联合起来形成“ 悬浮” , 这种合作行为帮助蚂蚁渡过淹没个别昆虫的洪水。

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    These ants are working together to drag their much larger insect prey back to the nest. This is an example of cooperation.
    ::这些蚂蚁正在共同努力,把他们更大的昆虫猎物拖回巢穴。这是一个合作的例子。

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    The brown “substance” floating on the water in this photograph is actually made up of hundreds of ants. This is another example of cooperation. By joining together, all of the ants are able to float. A single ant would not be able to stay afloat and would probably drown.
    ::这张照片中漂浮在水面上的棕色“物质”其实是由几百只蚂蚁组成的。 这是合作的又一个例子。 联合在一起,所有蚂蚁都能浮出水面。 一只蚂蚁将无法保持漂浮,很可能淹死。

    Cooperation occurs in many other species besides eusocial species. For example, in some species of crows, young males serve as “nannies,” helping to take care of the younger offspring of their parents. In lions, males cooperate to defend the pride , and females hunt and share the kill with other pride members. In meerkats, young females that do not yet have offspring take care of the pups while their parents are away from the burrows gathering food. Some species of groupers, which are , hunt cooperatively in pairs. Wolves and some other mammalian predators hunt cooperatively in packs. 
    ::除了社会性物种之外,许多其他物种也开展了合作,例如,在一些乌鸦物种中,年轻男性充当“保姆”,帮助照顾父母的幼子。在狮子中,男性合作捍卫骄傲,女性狩猎,与其他自豪成员分享杀戮。在梅尔卡特中,尚未有后代的年轻女性在父母远离采集食物的洞穴时照顾幼崽。一些群落动物,它们是合作捕食的一对。狼和其他哺乳动物捕食者在群中合作捕食。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Social animals are animals that are highly interactive with other members of their own species.
      ::社会动物是指与本物种其他成员高度互动的动物。
    • Eusocial species have highly organized societies, in which individuals are specialized for different roles.
      ::社会经济物种有高度有组织的社会,个人在其中专门扮演不同角色。
    • Aside from insects, eusociality is relatively rare in animals.
      ::除了昆虫之外,在动物中也相对很少存在社会性。
    • Cooperation is a hallmark of eusocial animals but also occurs in other species.
      ::合作是社会动物的标志,但也发生在其他物种中。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is eusociality? What animals exhibit eusociality?
      ::什么是社会性?什么动物表现出社会性?
    2. Give an example of cooperation in mammals.
      ::举哺乳动物合作的例子。

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