14.12 动物侵略 -- -- 先进
Section outline
-
Why fight?
::为什么打架?In this intense fight between two male Gemsbok (large antelope) on dusty plains of Southern Africa, the winner will drive the other away. This will increase the overall fitness of the .
::在南部非洲灰尘平原上,两名男性Gemsbok(大羚羊)的激烈战斗中,获胜者将赶走另一人。 这将提高整个非洲的整体健康水平。Aggression
::侵略In many societies , cooperation among members of the society is important and offers many benefits. In eusocial , cooperation is likely to increase the fitness of individuals and be favored by . The opposite of cooperation is . How might competition and other aggressive behaviors benefit individuals? Why might individuals that act aggressively be more fit to survive and reproduce in their environment?
::在许多社会里,社会成员之间的合作很重要,并带来许多好处。 在社会互助方面,合作有可能提高个人健康水平,并受到合作的偏好。相反的是,竞争和其他侵略行为如何能让个人受益?为什么采取激进行动的个人更适合在自己的环境中生存和繁殖?Aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain (behavior that accidentally causes harm or pain is not considered to be aggression.) Aggression may involve physical attacks against other individuals. For example, male deer may clash their antlers together, and ants may attack other ants by biting and stinging. These forms of aggression may lead to serious physical injury and even death. In humans, aggression can be verbal or emotional as well as physical.
::侵略是指旨在造成伤害或疼痛的行为(不小心造成伤害或疼痛的行为不被视为侵略)。 侵略可能涉及对他人的人身攻击。 例如,雄鹿可能会相互碰撞鹿角,蚂蚁可能会通过咬咬和刺攻击其他蚂蚁。这些形式的侵略可能导致严重的身体伤害甚至死亡。在人类中,侵略既可以是口头的,也可以是情感的,也可以是身体的。In many species, display behaviors — rather than actual physical attacks — are used to show aggression. This helps prevent injury and death. For example, sometimes a male mountain gorilla fights another male gorilla and uses his big canine teeth to cause deep wounds. However, this is less common than a display of aggression by the male. In fact, male mountain gorillas have a unique series of display behaviors to show aggression. The behaviors includes beating their chest with cupped hands, running sideways, and thumping the ground with their hands. Dogs may also use display behaviors to show aggression. The behaviors include barking, growling, and baring their teeth. Did you ever hear the expression “its bark is worse than its bite?” As this saying suggests, barking displays aggression but does not necessarily lead to aggressive behavior such as biting. Although the dog shown in Figure looks aggressive, it may not actually attack.
::在许多物种中,展示行为 — — 而不是实际的人身攻击 — — 被用来显示侵犯性。这有助于防止伤害和死亡。例如,有时,山里一只雄性大猩猩与另一只雄性大猩猩搏斗,并用他的大犬牙来造成深刻的伤口。然而,这比雄性大犬牙来显示侵犯性要少。事实上,雄性山大猩猩有一系列独特的展示行为来显示侵犯性。这些行为包括用握手打胸、跑侧道和用手抽地。狗也可能使用显示侵犯性的行为。这些行为包括叫叫声、咆哮和磨牙。你有没有听到过“它叫声比咬牙还差?”这说明,叫叫声显示的是侵犯性,但不一定导致像咬人那样的侵略性行为。虽然图中显示的狗看上去有侵略性,但实际上它可能不会攻击。This dog is baring its teeth, which is a species-wide display behavior that shows aggression. Like other displays of aggression in dogs, it may be used as a warning to strangers (people or other dogs) to stay away. Aggression has a biological basis. It is associated with an area of the brain called the amygdala, which is controlled by the hypothalamus . Aggression is also influenced by . For example, the male sex hormone testosterone has been shown to increase aggressive behaviors in mice. Animal research has also shown that a tendency to behave aggressively may be partly inherited, although this has not been demonstrated for Homo sapiens . In fact, for most species, the genetic basis of aggression is still poorly understood.
::入侵具有生物基础。 它与大脑中一个叫做阿米格达拉的区域有关, 由下丘脑控制。 入侵也受以下因素影响 。 例如, 男性性激素睾酮已经证明会增加小鼠的侵略行为。 动物研究还表明,积极行为的倾向可能会部分继承下来, 尽管对于智人来说,这还没有表现出来。 事实上,对于大多数物种来说,侵略的遗传基础仍然不甚为人知。In some species, aggression may increase an individual’s fitness and be favored by natural selection. This is especially likely in species of social animals that have dominance hierarchies (see the Mammals concepts). Animals that are more dominant may be more aggressive than less dominant animals. Dominant animals usually have a higher priority in accessing food and other resources. They may also have more chances to mate or even exclusive rights to mate within their social group. If aggression helps an animal become dominant without serious injury or death, it may increase the animal’s fitness. A behavior that increases fitness and is at least partly controlled by genes will be favored by natural selection. For these reasons, it is likely that aggression is selected for in some species, despite the fact that it may be dangerous for the aggressive animal. However, there is no conclusive evidence that aggression is selected for in human beings.
::在某些物种中,侵犯可能会增加个人的体质,并受到自然选择的偏好。这在具有统治等级的社会动物物种中尤其可能发生(见哺乳动物概念 ) 。 占多数的动物可能比占多数的动物更具侵略性。 占多数的动物通常在获取食物和其他资源方面享有更高的优先地位。 它们也可能有更多的机会在其社会群体中交配,甚至拥有专属的交配权。 如果侵略帮助动物在没有严重伤害或死亡的情况下成为占多数的动物,那么它可能会增加动物的体质。 自然选择将有利于增强健康并至少部分受基因控制的行为。 出于这些原因,在某些物种中,可能选择侵略,尽管对攻击性动物来说可能是危险的。然而,没有确凿的证据证明侵略是人类所选择的。Summary
::摘要-
Aggression may involve physical attacks, display behaviors, and verbal or emotional attacks in the case of humans.
::侵犯可能涉及人身攻击、展示行为,以及针对人类的口头或情感攻击。 -
In some species (especially those with dominance hierarchies), aggression may increase an individual’s fitness and be favored by natural selection.
::在某些物种中(特别是那些具有主导等级的物种),侵略可能会提高个人的体质,并受到自然选择的偏好。 -
Dominant animals may be more aggressive than less dominant ones.
::占支配地位的动物可能比较不占优势的动物更具侵略性。
Review
::回顾-
How is aggression usually expressed in most species? Give an example.
::大多数物种通常如何表示侵略?举个例子。 -
What part of the brain is aggression associated with? What hormones are associated with aggression?
::大脑的哪个部分与侵犯相关联?什么荷尔蒙与侵犯相关联? -
What are some possible evolutionary benefits to aggression?
::侵略可能给进化带来哪些好处?
-
Aggression may involve physical attacks, display behaviors, and verbal or emotional attacks in the case of humans.
