14.13 动物动物竞争 -- -- 高级
Section outline
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Is there enough for all?
::足够所有人吃吗?Not always. It is very common to have both interspecies and intraspecies competitions for limiting resources. Here we see zebras drinking at the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, Africa. Sometimes these watering holes cannot supply enough water for all the who need to drink.
::并非总是如此。 种间和种内竞争限制资源是非常常见的。 这里我们看到斑马在非洲坦桑尼亚塞伦盖蒂国家公园喝酒。 有时这些水洞无法为所有需要喝的人提供足够的水。Competition
::竞争 竞争 竞争 竞争 竞争 竞争 竞争Aggressive behavior often occurs when individuals or groups of individuals are in with one another. Competition is rivalry between individuals or groups over something that both sides want or need. Competition occurs naturally between living organisms that coexist in the same environment. For example, animals may compete for territory, water, food , or mates.
::当个人或群体相互交往时,往往会发生侵略行为。 竞争是个人或群体之间就双方都希望或需要的东西进行竞争。 在同一环境中共存的活生物体之间自然会发生竞争。 比如,动物可以争夺领土、水、食物或伴侣。Competition often occurs between members of the same . This is called intraspecific competition . This is the type of competition that is the driving force behind within a species. One reason for intraspecific competition is a scarcity of resources or mates. Another reason is to achieve or maintain high status in a dominance hierarchy. In some species, such as meerkats, an adult female may kill infants of other adult females so that her own offspring will benefit from reduced competition. In many species, a parent (most often the mother) will act aggressively against others that threaten to harm her or his offspring. Aggression may also occur when individuals or groups defend their territory against other members of their species. For example, chimpanzee males may be very aggressive toward males from outside their own troop. Groups of males may patrol the boundaries of their territory looking for lone males and attack them. The lone males are often killed.
::同一成员之间经常发生竞争。这被称为特定竞争。这就是物种内部的驱动力。具体竞争的一个原因是资源或伴侣稀缺。另一个原因是在支配地位等级中实现或保持高地位。在诸如Meerkats等某些物种中,成年女性可能会杀死其他成年女性的婴儿,从而使其自己的后代从竞争减少中受益。在许多物种中,父母(通常是母亲)会对威胁伤害其后代的其他人采取侵略性行动。当个人或群体保护其领地反对其物种其他成员时,也可能发生侵略。例如,黑猩猩男性可能从自己的部队外对男性采取非常积极的态度。男性群体可能会在自己的领土范围内巡视独生男性并攻击她们。独生男性往往被杀害。Competition also occurs between members of different species. This is called interspecific competition . Although a predator tries to kill its prey and the prey may try to fight off its predator, is usually not considered to be competition. For example, a cat shows aggression by hissing and arching its back, but it does not behave this way when it is preying upon a mouse. Instead, the term interspecific competition is generally used to refer to competition between members of different species for the same limited resources.
::不同物种的成员之间也存在竞争。 这被称为不同物种之间的竞争。 虽然捕食者试图杀死其猎物,猎食者可能试图消灭其掠食者,但通常不被认为是竞争。 例如,猫会显示其攻击性,并围住其背部,但它在捕食鼠标时并没有这样做。 相反,不同物种成员之间不同的竞争通常被用来指同一有限资源的竞争。Interspecific competition may or may not involve aggression. For example, individuals of one species may be better suited to exploit the resources that both species need, but members of the two species may not actually fight with one another. For example, cheetahs and lions both feed on the same prey; they compete for this resource. Therefore, if they live in the same area, one or both species will have less food. You might expect them to fight each other over food, but they do not. On the other hand, members of two species may have physical conflicts over resources. For example, some species of ants attack and take over colonies of other ant species. Both types of interspecific competition are likely to play a role in the evolution of species. The better suited or more aggressive species may survive and increase in numbers while the other species declines in numbers and eventually dies out.
::例如,一种物种的个体可能更适合开发两种物种所需要的资源,但两种物种的成员实际上可能不会相互争斗。例如,猎豹和狮子都靠同一猎物为食;它们竞争这种资源。因此,如果它们居住在同一个区域,一个或两个物种的粮食就会减少。你可能会期望它们为食物而相互争斗,但不会。另一方面,两种物种的成员可能因资源而发生实际冲突。例如,一些蚂蚁攻击和夺取其他蚂蚁物种的繁殖地。两种不同的竞争都有可能在物种的演变中发挥作用。更适合或更具侵略性的物种可能生存并增加数量,而其他物种则会减少数量并最终死亡。A species of ants called pavement ants are well known for their aggressive behavior toward other ants. In their quest for new territory and resources, pavement ants brutally attack other ants’ colonies. The resulting battles may leave thousands of ants dead.
::一种被称为人行道蚂蚁的蚂蚁以其对其他蚂蚁的侵略行为而闻名。 在寻找新领土和资源的过程中,人行道蚂蚁残酷地攻击其他蚂蚁的殖民地。 由此引发的战争可能使成千上万蚂蚁死亡。Summary
::摘要-
Competition occurs naturally between living organisms that coexist in the same environment and need to compete for territory, water, food, or mates.
::在同一环境中共存并需要争夺领土、水、食物或伴侣的生物体之间自然会发生竞争。 -
Competition between members of the same species is the driving force behind natural selection within a species.
::同种物种成员之间的竞争是物种中自然选择的驱动力。 -
Interspecific competition is generally used to refer to competition between members of different species for the same limited resources and may or may not involve aggression.
::不同的竞争通常用来指不同物种成员为相同的有限资源进行竞争,可能涉及也可能不涉及侵略。
Review
::回顾-
Provide some reasons why competition occurs.
::为竞争的发生提供一些理由。 -
What is the difference between intraspecific and interspecific competition?
::具体内部竞争和具体之间竞争之间有什么区别? -
An antelope tries to defend itself against a lion by kicking. Is this considered interspecific competition?
::Antellope试图用踢脚来保护自己对抗狮子。 这是否被认为是个性分明的竞争? -
Give an example of interspecific competition that doesn't involve fighting and another that does.
::举个例子来说明个个性分明的竞争 不涉及战斗 也不涉及其他竞争
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Competition occurs naturally between living organisms that coexist in the same environment and need to compete for territory, water, food, or mates.
