14.14 动物配制系统 -- -- 先进
Section outline
-
Can all show affection?
::所有人都能表达感情吗?No, but, as seen here with these two tigers, many can. This may be part of the mating ritual among animals and lead to the continuation of the and .
::不,但是,从这两只老虎这里看,许多老虎可以。这可能是动物交配仪式的一部分, 并导致这些和它的延续。Mating Systems
::配配制系统Most animals, and virtually all vertebrates , reproduce sexually. This requires the of a female’s egg(s) by a male’s . In biology , mating refers to a pairing of a male and female animal that can lead to the production of offspring. In some animals, especially , fertilization of the female’s eggs by the male’s sperm occurs outside the female’s body. In most vertebrates, the eggs are fertilized internally by the male depositing sperm inside the female’s reproductive tract.
::大部分动物,几乎所有脊椎动物,都性繁殖。 这要求男性对雌性蛋进行生殖。 在生物学中,配对是指一对可以产生后代的雄性和雌性动物。 在有些动物中,特别是雄性精子对雌性卵的肥化发生在雌性身体之外。 在大多数脊椎动物中,雄性卵在雌性生殖器官中由雄性精子施肥。Animals may engage in sexual behavior solely for reproductive purposes, in which case the behavior almost always occurs when the female is fertile. In most species, females are fertile and receptive to sexual behavior only at certain times of the year. However, in some species, including Homo sapiens , sexual behavior may also occur at times when the female is not fertile. Animals may engage in sexual behavior at these time for pleasure. This may strengthen bonds between the male and female.
::动物可能只为生殖目的从事性行为,在这种情况下,性行为几乎总是在女性生育时发生。在大多数物种中,雌性只有在一年的某个时候才有生育能力,而且只接受性行为。但是,在包括智人在内的某些物种中,性行为也可能发生在女性不生育的时候。在这种时候,动物可能为了取悦而从事性行为。这可能会加强男性和女性之间的联系。A mating system is the way in which an animal society is organized for mating purposes. The mating system describes which males mate with which females and under what circumstances. The most common mating systems that have been observed in animals are these:
::交配制度是为交配目的组织动物社会的方式。交配制度描述了哪些男性与哪些女性交配,在何种情况下与哪些男性交配。在动物身上观察到的最常见交配制度是:-
Monogamy.
One male and one female have an exclusive mating relationship with each other. This occurs more frequently in
and
mammals
than in most other animals. It is also called
pair-bonding,
especially if the relationship lasts for a relatively long time. A pair-bond in mammals called voles is pictured in
Figure
.
::一夫一妻制:一男一女有独有的交配关系,这种情况在哺乳动物和哺乳动物中比在大多数其他动物中发生得更为频繁,也称为对式捆绑,特别是如果这种关系持续了相当长的时间。 图中描绘了哺乳动物中被称为Voles的对子团。 -
Polygamy.
One male has an exclusive mating relationship with more than one female, or one female has an exclusive mating relationship with more than one male. In vertebrates, the most common polygamous system is one in which a male has an exclusive mating relationship with two or more females. A lion
pride
typically has this type of mating system.
::一夫多妻:一名男性与一名以上女性有独家的交配关系,或一名女性与一名以上男性有独家的交配关系。 在脊椎动物中,最常见的一夫多妻制度是男性与两名或两名以上女性有独家的交配关系。 狮子的骄傲通常有这种交配制度。 -
Promiscuity.
Any male within the social group may mate with any female in the group. Promiscuous mating systems are more common in
invertebrates
, but they are also found in vertebrates, including chimpanzees.
::在无脊椎动物中,滥交系统更为常见,但也在脊椎动物(包括黑猩猩)中发现。
Voles are small, mouselike rodents, some of which have monogamous mating systems. The male and female shown here belong to monogamous pair-bond. Both the male and female provide parental care for their offspring.
::沃尔斯是小的,像老鼠一样的鼠类鼠类,其中一些有一夫一妻制交配制度。这里显示的男女属于一夫一妻制双胞胎。男性和女性都为他们的后代提供父母照顾。In reality, mating systems tend to be somewhat flexible. For example, even in species with monogamous mating systems, mating may occur outside the monogamous pair. In some monogamous species, such as graylag geese, a pair-bond may last for the life of the partners. In other monogamous species, including ducks, a pair-bond may last for just a year or two. Some species tend to have different mating systems under different circumstances. For example, when food resources are spread thinly, so that individuals must spread out over a large area, monogamous mating is more likely than if the population is more densely packed into a smaller area. Some species may normally have different mating systems in different parts of the species’ geographical range. A mix of different mating systems may also normally exist within a species in a single geographic area.
::在现实中,交配制度往往比较灵活。 比如,即使在一夫一妻制交配制度下的物种中,交配可能发生在一夫一妻制配方制度之外。 在一夫一妻制的物种中,比如灰色鹅类,一夫一妻制配方可能延续伴侣的生命。在包括鸭子在内的其他一夫一妻制物种中,一夫一妻制的配方制度可能仅持续一年或两年。有些物种在不同的环境下往往有不同的交配制度。例如,当食物资源分散得很薄,因此,个人必须分散在大片地区,一夫一妻制交配的可能性比人口密集聚集在较小地区的可能性更大。有些物种通常在物种地理范围的不同部分有不同的交配制度。不同的交配制度通常也存在于单一地理区域的物种中。Summary
::摘要-
In biology, mating refers to a pairing of a male and female animal that can lead to the production of offspring.
::在生物学中,交配是指一对男女动物的配对,这可能导致后代的繁殖。 -
The mating system describes which males mate with which females and under what circumstances.
::交配制度说明哪位男性与哪位女性交配,在何种情况下与哪位女性交配。 -
Common mating systems include: monogamy, polygamy, and promiscuity.
::共同的交配制度包括:一夫一妻制、一夫多妻制和乱交。 -
In reality, mating systems tend to be somewhat flexible depending on factors such as the environment.
::在现实中,交配制度往往比较灵活,取决于环境等因素。
Review
::回顾-
What are three common mating systems? How is each different?
::三个共同的交配制度是什么? -
What animals exhibit monogamy? Promiscuity?
::哪些动物表现出一夫一妻制? -
Why would one species have multiple different mating systems?
::为什么一个物种有多种不同的交配制度?
-
Monogamy.
One male and one female have an exclusive mating relationship with each other. This occurs more frequently in
and
mammals
than in most other animals. It is also called
pair-bonding,
especially if the relationship lasts for a relatively long time. A pair-bond in mammals called voles is pictured in
Figure
.
