14.15 动物求偶 -- -- 高级
Section outline
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Do all females wish to be wined and dined?
::难道所有的雌性都想被吃和吃吗?No, but courtship rituals are prevalent among many . This peacock, with his tail fully fanned, is showing off for the females of the . This is part of the courtship routine among peacocks.
::孔雀的尾巴被完全扇了,它正向雌鸟炫耀。这是孔雀之间求偶的例行做法。Courtship
::求求法院Females typically put much more time and energy into than do males. Therefore, females are likely to be more selective than males when choosing mates. In fact, it is most often the females of a species that decide who mates with whom, not the males. Males, for their part, try to attract females for mating . In many species, females tend to select males that are larger in size or have more pronounced male traits than other males. To attract females, males may perform display behaviors or engage in physical combat with other males. These behaviors are called courtship behaviors. They get the attention of females and give the males a chance to show off their traits and abilities. Generally, the more impressive males are in these displays, the greater chance they have being selected by females as mates.
::女性通常比男性花费的时间和精力多得多。 因此,女性在选择伴侣时可能比男性更具有选择性。 事实上,多数情况下,决定与谁交配的都是女性,而不是男性。男性则试图吸引女性交配。在许多物种中,女性倾向于选择比其他男性大得多或男性特征更明显的男性。为了吸引女性,男性可以表现行为或与其他男性进行身体战斗。这些行为被称为求爱行为。她们得到女性的注意,并给男性一个展示其性格和能力的机会。一般而言,在这些展示中,女性更能吸引男性,她们被女性选为伴侣的可能性更大。In many species, males gather together in a neutral area for competitive mating displays. This type of behavior is called lekking. By gathering together in one area, the males can get the attention of more females and show their advantages over other males. The males may assemble daily in the same location, called a lekking arena, both before and during the mating season. Within the lekking arena, each male takes and defends a small territory. While assembled, the males put on courtship displays and may fight one-on-one with nearby males within the arena.
::在许多物种中,男性聚集在一个中性区域,进行竞争性交配展示。这种类型的行为被称为 " 握手式 " 。通过聚集在一个区域,男性可以吸引更多女性的注意力,并展示其优于其他男性的优势。男性可以在交配季节之前和期间,每天聚集在同一地点,称为 " 握手式竞技场 " 。在握手式竞技场中,每个男性占据和捍卫一个小区域。在聚集在一起时,男性将展示在竞技场上,并可以在竞技场内与附近的男性一对一地战斗。An example of a lekking species in which males use visual displays is the peafowl. During the display, the peacock fans out and shakes his large tail feathers . Besides peafowls, lekking occurs in many other species, including birds of paradise and prairie chickens. Lekking occurs in some mammals as well, including waterbucks and topi (both African herbivores). It has also been observed in some species of and . In some lekking species, males perform “dances” or “gymnastics” to impress females with their physical abilities. They may also use vocal displays instead of, or in addition to, visual displays.
::例如,雄性使用肉眼显示的彩虹品种是梨鸟。在展示期间,孔雀粉丝伸出来,摇晃他的大尾羽。除了梨鸟外,其他许多物种,包括天堂鸟类和草原鸡,也发生彩虹。Lekking也出现在一些哺乳动物中,包括水桶和托皮(非洲两种食草动物),也在某些种类和(或)一些种类中观察到了。在某些种类和(或)种类中,雄性使用“舞动”或“陀螺”来用自己的体能向女性打动。它们还可以使用声露,而不是或除视觉显示外,还使用声露。In nonlekking species, males do not gather together in one place and put on displays together. Instead, males perform courtship behaviors individually. For example, to attract a mate, a male bowerbird builds an elaborate nest (called a bower). Each bowerbird male spends many hours constructing his nest. He gathers and carefully decorates the nest with hundreds of small objects, such as shells and bits of glass, most of which are bright blue in color (see Figure ). A female bowerbird typically inspects the nests of many males before deciding on a mate. She selects the male whose nest she prefers.
::在非传教物种中,雄鸟不会聚集在一个地方,而是一起展示。相反,雄鸟会单独进行求爱行为。例如,为了吸引伴侣,一只雄性弓鸟会建造一个精密的巢穴(称为弓鸟 ) 。 雄鸟会花许多小时建造巢穴。它会聚集并小心地用数百个小东西,如贝壳和玻璃碎片来装饰巢,其中大部分是亮蓝色的(见图 ) 。 雌鸟在决定伴侣前通常会检查许多雄鸟的巢穴。 她选择她喜欢的巢穴的雄鸟。The nest created by a male bowerbird is decorated with carefully chosen and placed bright blue objects. The nest is prepared for the purpose of attracting a mate. Many individual courtship displays involve elaborate “dances.” For example, a male jumping spider performs complex sideways and zigzag movements as part of his courtship. The courtship dance of the blue-footed booby, a species of seabird, consists of the male spreading his wings , stomping on the ground, and flaunting his blue feet. In some species that form lifelong monogamous relationships, both members of the pair-bond engage in an interactive courtship dance. The first time this occurs, the dance helps form the pair-bond. Later, the dance helps reinforce the pair-bond. This type of courtship behavior occurs in the laysan albatross. The courtship dance in this species includes more than two dozen different moves, one of which is shown in Figure .
::许多个别求偶展示都包含精心设计的“舞动 ” 。 比如, 男性跳跃蜘蛛在其求偶过程中有着复杂的侧面和齐格扎格运动。 蓝脚诱杀(一种海鸟的物种,即蓝脚诱杀)的求偶舞蹈,由雄鸟展开翅膀,在地上踩踏,并炫耀蓝脚。 在形成终身一夫一妻关系的某些物种中,双胞胎的双胞胎都参加互动求偶舞蹈。第一次,舞蹈帮助形成对子。后来,舞蹈帮助加强对子。这种求偶行为发生在外孙藻身上。 这一物种的求偶舞蹈包括20多个不同的动作,其中之一是图中显示的动作。Laysan albatross pictured here is involved in the elaborate courtship dance. The albatross is performing a dance move called the “sky call.” Individual courtship displays may also involve vocal behaviors. For example, some songs of humpback whales appear to have the purpose of attracting mates. Mandrills, a species of monkey, also use vocal courtship behaviors. During courtship, a male mandrill walks behind a female and makes various soft sounds. If the female likes what she hears, she will mate with him. Vocal courtship behaviors are very common in birds. For example, African birds of prey called secretary birds have courtship behaviors that include croaking sounds. The croaking of bullfrogs is also a vocal courtship behavior.
::个别求偶展示还可能涉及声音行为。 例如, 座头鲸的一些歌曲似乎具有吸引伴侣的目的。 猴子种类的曼drills 也使用声音求偶行为 。 在求偶期间, 男性曼drills 站在女性身后, 发出各种柔软的声音 。 如果女性喜欢她听到的声音, 她会和他交配 。 轮奸行为在鸟类中非常常见。 例如, 被称为秘书鸟的非洲猎物鸟类有求偶行为, 包括捕鲸的声音 。 牛蛙的围捕也是一种求偶行为 。Summary
::摘要-
Females typically put much more time and energy into reproduction than do males. Therefore, females are likely to be more selective than males when choosing mates.
::女性生育的时间和精力通常比男性多得多,因此,在选择伴侣时,女性可能比男性更有选择性。 -
To attract females, males may perform display behaviors or engage in physical combat with other males.
::为了吸引女性,男性可以与其他男性进行显示行为或身体战斗。 -
Many individual courtship displays involve elaborate “dances" and/or vocal behaviors.
::许多个别的求偶展示都涉及精心设计的“舞蹈”和(或)发声行为。
Review
::回顾-
Why do females usually select males instead of the other way around?
::为什么女性通常选择男性而不是相反? -
What kind of behavior are males exhibiting if they assemble during mating season and defend small territories? Give examples of animals that exhibit this behavior.
::男性如果在交配季节聚集并保卫小领地,会展示何种行为?请举例说明展示这种行为的动物。 -
Why might monogamous animals still undergo courtship dances?
::为什么一夫一妻制的动物 还要参加求偶舞会呢?
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Females typically put much more time and energy into reproduction than do males. Therefore, females are likely to be more selective than males when choosing mates.
