14.16 动物的育儿照料 -- -- 高级
Section outline
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Are there that just leave their young after birth?
::难道他们的孩子在出生后就这样离开吗?Yes. There are many that even leave their young prior to birth. But there are also many that raise their young. This penguin is protecting her chick and will continue to do so until the chick is able to protect itself.
::是的,许多企鹅甚至在孩子出生前就离开了他们的孩子。但也有许多企鹅在保护她的小鸡,并且将继续这样做,直到小鸡能够保护自己。Parental Care
::父母照料Mating refers not only to sex and behaviors. It may also include the cooperative rearing of offspring by the parents. Parental care refers to any behaviors on the part of either or both parents that help their offspring survive. In many , parental care includes building a nest and feeding the young. Parental care generally is longest and most complex in mammals , in which it always involves the mother feeding milk to the young (see the Mammals concepts). Parental care in mammals may also involve teaching the young important skills that they will need when they are older and no longer cared for by the parents. For example, meerkat adults teach their pups how to eat scorpions. They show the pups how to safely handle the poisonous and how to remove the stingers.
::哺乳不仅指性和行为,还可能包括父母合作抚养子女。父母照料是指父母一方或双方帮助子女生存的任何行为。在很多情况下,父母照料包括建造巢穴和喂养年轻人。父母照料通常在哺乳动物中时间最长且最复杂,其中始终包括母亲喂奶给年轻人(见哺乳动物概念)。哺乳动物的父母照料还可能涉及向年轻人传授他们在年长时需要的重要技能,而他们不再得到父母的照料。例如,哺乳动物成人教幼崽如何食用蝎子。他们向幼崽展示如何安全地处理有毒物质,如何清除毒贩。In contrast, many invertebrates and some vertebrates provide no parental care at all. Adults in most of , for example, simply release gametes ( eggs or sperm) into the and have nothing to do with any resulting offspring. However, some fish species do provide parental care, a few in unique ways. For example, tilapia practice a behavior called oral brooding . The mother carries the eggs in her mouth until they hatch. This behavior protects the eggs and allows them to receive more nutrients , so it increases their chances of survival.
::相比之下,许多无脊椎动物和一些脊椎动物根本得不到父母的照顾。例如,大多数成年人只是简单地向后代中放卵子(卵子或精子),与由此产生的后代没有任何关系。然而,有些鱼类确实提供父母的照顾,有的则以独特的方式提供。例如,罗非鱼练习一种叫作口交的行为。在孵化之前,母亲在她的嘴里携带卵子。这种行为保护卵子,允许他们获得更多的养分,从而增加了他们的生存机会。When parental care does occur in a species, it is most often the mother that provides it. However, in some species both parents or just the father may be involved. Who provides parental care tends to vary with the type of mating system. In species with a monogamous mating system, especially one in which the parents stay together for a long time, both parents are likely to cooperate in caring for their offspring. This is true of the species of voles shown in Figure . A mating system in which one female mates with two or more males is typically associated with males taking the sole or main parental role. On the other hand, a mating system in which one male mates with two or more females is usually associated with males having little or no involvement in parental care. Males are also rarely involved in parenting in promiscuous mating systems.
::当父母照料确实发生在某一物种时,通常是由母亲提供,然而,在某些物种中,父母或仅仅是父亲都可以参与,提供父母照料的人往往与交配制度的类型不同,在一夫一妻制的交配制度下,特别是父母长期在一起的交配制度下,父母双方可能合作照顾自己的子女,图中所示的Voes物种就是这种情况。在交配制度中,一名与两名或两名以上男性的女伴侣通常与男性担任唯一或主要的父母角色有关。另一方面,在交配制度下,与两名或两名以上女性的男伴侣通常与很少或根本没有参与父母照料的男性有关。在交配制度中,男性也很少参与养育。Voles are small, mouselike rodents, some of which have monogamous mating systems. The male and female shown here belong to a monogamous pair-bond. Both the male and female provide parental care for their offspring.
::沃尔斯是小的、像老鼠一样的鼠类鼠类动物,其中一些有一夫一妻制交配制度。 这里显示的男女属于一夫一妻制双胞胎。 男性和女性都为他们的后代提供父母照顾。Summary
::摘要-
Parental care varies greatly from one species of animal to another.
::父母的照料因动物种类不同而差别很大。 -
Many invertebrates provide almost no care, whereas mammals usually provide the most parental care.
::许多无脊椎动物几乎不提供照料,而哺乳动物通常提供大多数父母照料。 -
Animal parental care can be provided by the female or the male.
::父母对动物的照料可由女性或男性提供。
Review
::回顾-
Which animals usually provide the most care for their offspring?
::哪些动物通常最能照顾后代? -
Explain how mating systems are usually related to which gender takes care of the offspring.
::解释交配制度通常与哪些性别照顾后代有关。
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Parental care varies greatly from one species of animal to another.
