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  • Arachnids - 高级

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    Is this really a spider?
    ::这真的是蜘蛛吗?

    Yes, it is. The Mediterranean Jumping Spider has four bright and distinct coloration differences between the sexes. This would be a male. When you have attracted their attention, they follow you with their big eyes. Their life in the warm sun has produced a variety and coloration not matched by any other spider.
    ::是的,地中海跳蜘蛛在两性间有四种明亮和明显的颜色差异。这将是一男的。当你吸引他们的注意力时,他们用大眼睛跟随你。他们在温暖的太阳中的生活产生了各种不同的颜色,而其他蜘蛛却没有匹配的颜色。

    Arachnids
    ::喷火剂

    Arachnids include , such as spiders and scorpions, that instill fear and sometimes horror in many people. This is partly due to their portrayal as human predators in movies and books. In real life, spiders are hardly a threat to humans, and it is actually another type of arachnid that poses a greater threat: ticks. Ticks are parasites that can act as vectors to carry and transmit diseases between their prey . The consequences of this process on human health will be discussed in a section below.
    ::Arachnids 包括蜘蛛和蝎子等在许多人中制造恐惧,有时甚至带来恐怖,这部分是由于他们在电影和书籍中被描绘为人类掠食者。在现实生活中,蜘蛛几乎不是对人类的威胁,而实际上是另一种构成更大威胁的arachnid : 滴子。滴子是寄生虫,它们可以作为寄生虫,在猎物之间传播和传播疾病。这一过程对人类健康的影响将在下面的一节中讨论。

    There are over 70,000 described species of arachnids, and more than 40,000 of them are spiders. The rest include scorpions, ticks, and mites. Examples of each of these groups are shown in Figure  . Almost all arachnids are , carnivorous .
    ::有超过70,000种弧形动物,其中超过40,000种是蜘蛛,其他包括蝎子、虱子和米特。图中显示了其中每一类动物的例子。几乎所有的弧形动物都是食肉动物。

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      A spider

      ::一个蜘蛛
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      A scorpion

      ::蝎子
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      A tick

      ::A 刻数
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      A mite

      ::一个 mite

    Structure and Function
    ::结构和职能

    Spiders are usually thought of as 8-legged organisms . It is true that they have four pairs of appendages modified to function as walking legs, but in all they have six pairs of appendages. The other two pairs include the chelicerae and the pedipalps that were discussed earlier in the : (Advanced) concept. Like all chelicerates, arachnids do not have appendages modified for biting and chewing such as the mandible and the maxillae. When attacking prey, they use their chelicerae to pierce and pulverize the organism. Many spider chelicerae have venom glands that allow them to poison prey during the attack. In species that do not have chelicerae strong enough to masticate their prey, they usually secrete digestive to carry out external digestion . Once the prey has been sufficiently liquefied, the spider can then feed by sucking the liquid into its mouth.
    ::蜘蛛通常被认为是8条腿的有机体。 确实, 它们有四对被修改成步行腿的附着物, 但全部有六对附附着物。 另外两对包括前些时候讨论过的 : ( 高级的) 概念 : ( 高级的) 。 像所有 虱子一样, 北极熊没有被咬和咀嚼的附附着物。 当它们攻击猎物时, 它们用它们的来穿孔和粉碎生物体。 许多蜘蛛豹有毒害猎物的毒液。 在那些没有切除猎物的切刀强力的物种中, 它们通常没有秘密的消化剂, 用来吸收外部的消化液。 一旦猎物得到充分的液化, 蜘蛛就可以把液体吸进它的口中来喂食。

    As mentioned above, pedipalps may be modified for use in feeding, , or defense depending on the species. In many spider species, the pedipalps of the males are modified at the ends to function in transferring to the females. Another feature of the pedipalps of many species is the presence of sensory organs . These are important adaptations because, unlike other arthropods, arachnids (and other chelicerates) generally do not have antennae. Scorpions, mites, and ticks may have varying numbers of appendages. The body plan of most arachnids is made up of a cephalothorax , which forms a base for all of the appendages, and an abdomen. Ticks and mites differ because the cephalothorax and abdomen are not distinct regions, and they form one main body region. A distinct feature of spiders is the presence of glands called spinnerets located on the underside of the rear end of the abdomen. Spinnerets are used to secrete silk, which can be used for a number of purposes. These include spinning webs to trap prey, forming cocoons for protection, and forming a dragline to hang from when descending from a high object. In  Figure you can see silk coming from the spinnerets of a spider in the process of spinning a web.
    ::上面提到, 鼠尾巴可能会被修改, 以便用于喂养、 或防御, 取决于物种。 在许多蜘蛛物种中, 雄鼠的部位在尾端被修改, 以向雌鱼转移功能。 许多物种的部位的另一个特征是感官器官的存在。 这些是重要的适应, 因为与其他节肢动物不同, 甲状腺( 和其他类动物) 通常没有天线。 蝎子、 mites 和 titles 可能有不同的附种数量。 在许多蜘蛛物种中, 雄鼠的部部位在尾端被修改, 雄鼠的部部部位计划由构成向雌鸟转移功能。 雄鼠的部的部位图案由构成一个骨架的底部图案和腹部。 使用螺旋形图案的螺旋图案将螺旋和螺旋图案的螺旋图案固定成尾部。 使用螺旋形的螺旋图案作为螺旋图案的螺旋图案的螺旋图案, , 用于螺旋图案的螺旋图案的图案的图案的螺旋图案, 。 用于螺旋的螺旋的图案的图案的图案的图案的尾部。

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    A spider in the process of spinning its web. Notice the spinnerets secreting strands of silk at the very end of this spider’s abdominal region.

    Spider webs come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on the species, including funnels, flat horizontal sheets, and tangled mazes. The spider webs that most people are familiar with, the orb webs like the one shown in  Figure , are just one of these many variations.
    ::蜘蛛网的形状和大小因物种而异,包括漏斗、平面水平板和缠绕的迷宫。 大部分人熟悉的蜘蛛网,图中所示的蜘蛛网就是其中之一。

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    A familiar orb web spun by an orb weaver spider species. This web design is just one of several designs used by different species of spider.

    Most of the internal organ systems of arachnids are similar to those of most other arthropods, including an open circulatory system , a centralized , and a complete digestive tract. However, arachnids are unique among arthropods in using book lungs for respiration . Book lungs are made up of stacked folds of tissue with air pockets in between the folds. They are usually found in spiders and scorpions. Mites and ticks respire either through a tracheal system (branched tubes that bring in air and distribute it throughout the organism) or by through their skin. The excretory systems in arachnid species consist of Malphigian tubules, coxal glands , or both in some species. The type and number of eyes vary greatly between arachnid groups. Spiders, for example, generally have eight eyes.
    ::亚拉钱尼的多数内部器官系统与大多数其他节肢动物类似,包括开放的循环系统、中央系统和完整的消化道。然而,亚拉钱尼在使用书本肺呼吸方面是独一无二的。书本肺是由组织堆叠的折叠式折叠组成,在折叠之间有空气口角。通常在蜘蛛和蝎子中发现。通过气管系统(带入空气并在整个有机体中传播的破碎管子)或通过皮肤呼吸。亚拉钱尼特物种的排泄系统由马尔菲基亚管、科克氏腺组成,或者在某些物种中,眼睛的类型和数量在亚拉钱尼各组之间差异很大。例如,蜘蛛一般有八只眼睛。

    Arachnids and Human Health
    ::Arachnids和人类健康

    Although there are some species of spiders that can cause harm to humans with a poisonous sting, and there are several human deaths each year attributed to one species of scorpion, the threat posed by spiders and scorpions is really quite small. Overall, ticks have a much greater impact on human health, primarily as disease-carrying organisms. Ticks can deliver a number of human in a single bite. These are some of the diseases transmitted through tick bites:
    ::虽然有些蜘蛛种类的毒刺可以对人类造成伤害,而且每年有几人死亡可归因于一种蝎子,但蜘蛛和蝎子造成的威胁实在很小。 总体而言,虱子对人类健康的影响要大得多,主要是作为携带疾病的有机体。 滴子可以让许多人一咬一咬。 这些是通过滴子传染的一些疾病:

    • Lyme disease.
      ::莱姆病
    • Human granulocytic and monocytic ehrlichiosis.
      ::人类的颗粒体和单细胞性神经硬化症。
    • Babesiosis.
      ::婴儿病
    • Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
      ::落基山发现发烧了
    • Colorado tick fever.
      ::科罗拉多州滴答热。
    • Tularemia.
      ::土拉血症
    • Boutonneuse fever.
      ::布通尼兹发烧了
    • Tick-borne encephalitis .
      ::滴发性脑炎。

    Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, boutonneuse fever, human granulocytic and monocytic ehrlichiosis, and tularemia are each caused by different species of , and the symptoms are often flu-like with a rash or, in the case of tularemia, inflammed lymph nodes . Colorado tick fever and tick-borne encephalitis are caused by , and the symptoms of Colorado tick fever are also flu-like and may include a rash. Tick-borne encephalitis begins with flu-like symptoms that progress to neurological abnormalities such as dizziness and paralysis. Babesiosis is caused by a parasite and manifests as a fever and anemia. These diseases can be very serious if left untreated, however, most of them are generally highly treatable, particularly if caught early.
    ::莱姆病、洛基山热、罗基山斑点热、薄荷热、人类颗粒细胞和单细胞性内分泌症以及肺病都是由不同种类的疾病引起的,症状往往像流感一样,有疹子,或者,在淋巴结症的情况下,有发炎。科罗拉多的虱子热和脑炎是由这种疾病造成的,而科罗拉多的虱子热症状也类似流感,可能包括皮疹。口腔脑炎始于类似流感的症状,这种症状会演变为神经异常,如眩晕和麻痹。 婴儿病是由寄生虫引起的,并且表现为发烧热和贫血。 然而,这些疾病如果不加处理,则会非常严重。 然而,这些疾病大多一般都非常容易被治疗,特别是如果早期感染的话。

    It is important to remember, however, that tick bites are fairly common, and most bites do not lead to these infections. What should you do if you find a tick on your body? Use forceps to grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible. Try not to squeeze the tick so that fluids are not forced into your skin from the tick’s body. Pull it out slowly but firmly. Disinfect the bite area with alcohol. If possible, you should wear gloves for this procedure. You should then call a doctor to find out the risk of infection from ticks in your area and to find out if antibiotics should be used. Figure shows a rash that commonly develops following a bite from a tick carrying the bacteria that cause Lyme disease.
    ::但是,重要的是要记住,滴滴咬是相当常见的,而且大多数咬不会导致这些感染。如果你在身体上发现滴答,你应该做些什么?使用强制力尽可能地抓住离皮肤最近的滴答。尽量不要挤压滴答,以免液体被从滴答中挤入你的皮肤。慢慢地拉出来。用酒精对咬入区进行分泌。如果可能的话,你应该戴手套来做这个手术。然后,你应该叫医生去查明你所在地区的滴答感染的风险,并找出是否应该使用抗生素。图显示,在携带导致莱姆疾病的细菌的滴答后,通常会产生皮疹。

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    The characteristic bulls-eye rash that often occurs following a bite with a tick carrying the Lyme disease-causing bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi. The rash represents a skin infection caused by the bacteria, and it can appear anywhere from 1 day to 1 month following a bite from a tick carrier. Diseases such as Lyme disease that are transmitted by arachnids are a much greater threat to human health than the arachnid bites themselves.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • There are over 70,000 described species of arachnids, and more than 40,000 of them are spiders. The rest include scorpions, ticks, and mites.
      ::有超过70,000种描述的ARACHNID物种,其中超过40,000种是蜘蛛,其他包括蝎子、虱子和。
    • Almost all arachnids are terrestrial, carnivorous animals.
      ::几乎所有的动物都是陆生食肉动物
    • Arachnids are unique among arthropods in using book lungs for respiration.
      ::Arachnids在节肢动物中是独特的,因为使用书本肺呼吸。
    • Although there are some species of spiders that can cause harm to humans with a poisonous sting, and there are several human deaths each year attributed to one species of scorpion, the threat posed by spiders and scorpions is really quite small. Overall, ticks have a much greater impact on human health, primarily as disease-carrying organisms.
      ::尽管有些蜘蛛种类可能会通过毒刺对人体造成伤害,而且每年都有几人死亡可归因于一种蝎子,但蜘蛛和蝎子构成的威胁真的很小。 总体而言,虱子对人类健康的影响要大得多,主要是作为携带疾病的有机体。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How many appendages do spiders have?
      ::蜘蛛有多少个附子?
    2. What mouth parts do arachnids lack?
      ::arachnids 缺少什么嘴部部位?
    3. How do some spiders deal with prey that they cannot physically tear apart using their chelicerae?
      ::一些蜘蛛怎么对付猎物呢? 它们不能用切刀肢解猎物的猎物?
    4. What are some common functions that the pedipalps serve in spiders?
      ::小虫在蜘蛛身上有什么共同功能?
    5. What are some diseases that ticks are likely to transmit to humans?
      ::哪些疾病是滴子可能传染给人类的疾病?