章节大纲

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  • 生态 -- -- 高级

    lesson content

    What do eat?
    ::吃什么? 吃什么? 吃什么吃什么? What do do eat?

    All sorts of sea life. Here, a Crown-of-thorns seastar ( Acanthaster planci ) feeds on live table coral polyps on a shallow reef near Fiji. When numbers are high, these echinoderms can destroy reefs. The Crown-of-thorns seastar is one of the largest sea stars in the world, ranging in size from 10 to 14 inches (25 to 35 cm) and having up to 21 arms.
    ::各种海洋生物。 这里, 皇家角海星( Acanthaster planci ) 在斐济附近的浅礁上的活桌珊瑚聚状物上生存。 当数量高时, 这些小珊瑚会摧毁珊瑚礁。 皇家角海星是世界上最大的海洋恒星之一,大小在10到14英寸( 25到35厘米)之间,拥有多达21个手臂。

    Ecology of Echinoderms
    ::神经化学物质的生态学

    All echinoderm are organisms . Echinoderms can be found in most regions of all oceans from the poles to the equator. 
    ::在所有海洋的多数区域,从极地到赤道,都可以发现所有电离层都是有机体。

      

     

    Echinoderms inhabit both shallow, coastal regions and deep-sea regions. Most species are fairly slow moving bottom-dwellers (benthic) as adults, although the larval stages are usually free-swimming. Echinoderm feeding depends on the class and species, but it can include filter feeders that collect food particles filtered from seawater, deposit feeders that sift through sediments at the bottom of the ocean to collect food particles, predators , and scavengers . Generally, crinoids are filter feeders, asteroids and ophiuroids are predators or scavengers (although ophiuroids can also be deposit or filter feeders), echinoids are predators, herbivores , or filter feeders, and holothurians are either filter or deposit feeders. 
    ::大多数物种作为成年人,迁移速度相当缓慢,尽管幼虫阶段通常是自由游泳。 幼虫喂养取决于种类和物种,但可以包括过滤器,收集从海水过滤的粮食颗粒,通过海底沉积物过滤的储物喂养器,以收集食物颗粒、食肉动物和食腐动物。 一般来说,树脂是过滤器,小行星和小行星是食肉动物或食肉动物(尽管食肉动物也可以是储物或过滤器),食肉动物是食肉动物、食草动物或过滤器,食肉动物是食肉动物,或食肉动物是食肉动物。

      

     

    Some echinoderms also engage in symbiotic relationships. For example, there are some polychaete species ( , Polychaetae ) that live on asteroids and feed on stray food particles that do not make it into the sea star’s mouth. Other polychaetes and some crab species live inside the anal region of sea cucumbers and feed on food carried along with the that is drawn in for respiration by the sea cucumber. The various feeding habits of species within each echinoderm class are listed in Table .
    ::例如,有些多毛类物种(多毛类类动物)生活在小行星上,食用流散食物颗粒,却无法进入海星的嘴中。 其他多毛类动物和一些螃蟹种则生活在海参的肛门区域,食用随海参呼吸而提取的食物。 表格中列出了每一类小毛类物种的不同喂养习惯。

    Feeding Habits of Species Found in Echinoderm Classes
    Class Feeding
    Crinoids Filter feeders
    Asteroids
    Predators
    Scavengers
    Ophiuroids
    Predators
    Scavengers
    Deposit feeders
    Filter feeders
    Echinoids
    Predators
    Herbivores
    Filter Feeders
    Holothurians
    Deposit Feeders
    Filter Feeders

    Echinoderms play an important role in the they inhabit by providing a source of food for many species. Sea urchins, for example, are the primary food source of otters.
    ::例如,海胆类是水手的主要食物来源。 例如,海胆类是水手的主要食物来源。

    Economic and Biological Importance
    ::经济和生物重要性

    The role of echinoderms in our economy is mainly as a food source. There is also a small market for the calcified endoskeletons that are used by farmers as a source of lime. In several countries, including Japan, France, China, and Indonesia, sea urchins and sea cucumbers are eaten as food. The eggs and gonads of sea urchins are considered by some to be quite delicious.
    ::高科技在我国经济中的作用主要是作为食物来源,农民使用加铅的内分泌干酪作为石灰来源,还有一个小市场,在日本、法国、中国和印度尼西亚等几个国家,海胆和海参作为食物被吃掉,有些人认为海胆的蛋和蛋头相当美味。

    The field of embryology, the study of how embryos develop, has relied heavily on the contributions of sea urchins. Large pools of eggs and can be collected fairly easily from a living sea urchin, and they can be fertilized in vitro, or outside of the living organism, under a . This allows scientists to observe the entire process of and embryonic in great detail. Several molecular advances in sea urchin research have been very helpful to these efforts. One such advance is the discovery of a tool called a morpholino. Morpholinos are synthetic molecules that can be designed to block the function of a specific gene in a . The morpholinos can be injected into the eggs, and then the effect of losing that particular gene function on embryonic development can be observed. Another important advance was determining the complete genomic sequence of a species of purple sea urchin. This work was completed in 2006, and it showed that 70% of the genes in a sea urchin have a corresponding human gene. Therefore, the knowledge gained about sea urchin embryonic development is often directly applicable to the development of human embryos.
    ::胚胎学领域,即胚胎如何发育的研究,在很大程度上依赖海胆的贡献。大量卵群可以很容易地从活的海胆中收集,可以相当容易地从活的海胆中收集,可以在体外或在活生物体外进行授精。这样科学家就可以非常详细地观察胚胎的整个过程和胚胎。海胆研究的一些分子进展对这些努力非常有帮助。这种进步之一是发现了一种名为甲状腺素的工具。摩普利诺斯是合成分子,可以设计用来阻塞某一个特定基因的功能。可以注入卵中,然后可以观察到丧失这一特定基因功能对胚胎发育的影响。另一个重要的进步是确定紫海胆素物种的完整基因序列。这项工作于2006年完成,它表明海胆中70%的基因具有相应的人类基因。因此,获得的海胆胚胎发育知识往往直接适用于人类胚胎的发育。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • All echinoderm species are marine organisms.
      ::所有生态物种都是海洋生物。
    • Echinoderms can be found in most regions of all oceans from the poles to the equator. They inhabit both shallow, coastal regions and deep-sea regions.
      ::从极地到赤道,所有海洋的多数区域都发现了生态化物,它们居住在浅海、沿海地区和深海地区。
    • The role of echinoderms in our economy is mainly as a food source.
      ::我国经济中精密技术的作用主要是作为食物来源。
    • The field of embryology, the study of how embryos develop, has relied heavily on the contributions of sea urchins.
      ::胚胎学领域是研究胚胎如何发育的研究,它严重依赖海胆的贡献。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What kinds of environments do echinoderms inhabit?
      ::技术人居住着什么样的环境?
    2. How do echinoderms feed?
      ::脑电图如何进食?
    3. Why are sea urchins particularly useful in the field of embryology?
      ::为什么海胆在胚胎学领域特别有用?
    4. What are morpholinos?
      ::什么是吗摩利诺?
    5. What organisms form symbiotic relationships with echinoderms?
      ::哪些生物与脑电介质形成共生关系?