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  • General

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  • 对风化的影响

    Lesson
    ::经验教训

     

    Comparison of a rainforest with dense vegetation and a desert landscape with sparse plants.

     

    How is weathering different in these two places?
    ::这两个地方的天气如何不同?

    Weathering  varies for a lot of reasons. If you compare these two photos, one reason stands out. On the left, there is a lot of plant life. On the right, not so much. Why is the amount of plant life so different? The left is a  rainforest , with a warm and wet  climate . The right is a  desert , with a warm and dry climate. Climate is very important for causing weathering. The way a  landscape  is modified depends on the climate of the region and other factors.
    ::天气变化的原因很多。 如果你比较这两张照片, 一个原因很明显。 左边有很多植物生命。 在右边, 不是很多。 为什么植物生命的数量如此不同? 左边是雨林, 气候温暖又湿润。 右边是沙漠, 气候温暖又干燥。 气候对于气候变化非常重要。 风景的改变取决于区域的气候和其他因素。

    Rock and Mineral Type
    ::岩石和矿物类型

    Some types of     easily. Some types of minerals are very resistant to weathering. Some minerals in a   might completely dissolve in  water . This leaves behind the more resistant minerals, which are released from the rock. A beautiful example of this effect is the "Stone Forest" in China, shown in the video below:
    ::某些类型很容易。有些矿物质非常耐风力。有些矿物质可能完全溶于水中。这留下了较耐力的矿物,这些矿物从岩石中释放出来。这种效果的一个很好的例子就是中国的“Stone Forest ” ( Stone Forest),如下文所示:

    Rocks also weather differently.   are usually solid and are more resistant to weathering.  Intrusive  igneous rocks weather slowly because it is hard for water to penetrate them.   usually weather more easily. For example, limestone dissolves in weak acids like rainwater.
    ::岩石的天气也不同。 岩石通常比较坚固,比较耐风力。 侵扰性、有色岩石的天气缓慢,因为水很难穿透它们。 通常天气比较容易。 例如,石灰岩在微弱的酸中溶解,比如雨水。

    Different types of sedimentary rocks can weather differently. This will lead to differential  erosion . In the photo of the Grand Canyon, some layers create cliffs. These are hard rocks that do not weather easily. Rock layers that resist   form the top of the canyon and the top of features. Softer layers form slopes. These are rocks that weather more easily ( Figure   ).
    ::不同种类的沉积岩的天气可能不同。 这将导致不同的侵蚀。 在大峡谷的图片中, 一些层会形成悬崖。 这些硬岩不会轻易地发生天气。 岩石层会抵制形成峡谷顶部和地貌顶部。 Softer 层会形成斜坡。 这些岩石会更容易地天气( 图 ) 。

    Panoramic view of the Grand Canyon showcasing sedimentary rock layers and differential erosion.

     

    The rocks in this photo of the Grand Canyon are all sedimentary. Hard rocks that are resistant to weathering form cliffs. Softer rocks that weather more easily form slopes.
    ::大峡谷照片中的岩石都是沉积的 坚硬的岩石 无法抵御形成悬崖的天气

    Climate
    ::气候气候 气候

    Climate  is the   plus   of an area. Not just today, but over a long period of time. Climate affects  . Chemical weathering increases as:
    ::气候是一个区域的增益。 不仅今天, 而且在很长一段时间内。 气候影响。 化学天气变暖增加, 例如:

    • Temperature increases. Chemical reactions are faster at higher temperatures.
      ::温度升高 温度升高时化学反应更快
    • Precipitation increases. Chemical reactions increase when there is more water. Since water increases both mechanical and chemical weathering, more water strongly increases weathering.
      ::降水量增加。当水量增加时,化学反应会增加。由于水能增加机械和化学天气,更多的水会大大增加天气。

    Look at how temperature and precipitation change weathering. What type of climate has the lowest weathering rate? A cold, dry climate. A warm, wet climate has the highest weathering rate.
    ::看看温度和降水量是如何改变天气的。哪一种气候的天气率最低?寒冷、干燥的气候。温暖、湿润的气候的天气率最高。

    Vegetation
     ::植被 

    Plants increase mechanical and chemical weathering. Plant roots may enter cracks in rock and break it apart. Plant debris may increase the amount of acid in water. The warmer and wetter a climate is, the more plants it will have. Bacteria also grow more in warm, wet regions. So, warm, wet climates have more weathering from biological processes.
    ::植物会增加机械和化学天气。 植物根部可能会进入岩石裂缝并打破岩石裂缝。 植物碎片可能会增加水中的酸量。 气候越温暖和湿润,植物就越多。 细菌也会在温暖和湿润的地区生长。 因此,温暖和湿润的气候会从生物过程中产生更多的天气。

    Resources from Weathering
    ::气象资源

    Weathering may concentrate some resources. In tropical climates, chemical weathering can be intense. Some minerals dissolve and water carries them away. This leaves behind the materials that are not soluble.  Bauxite  is aluminum  oxide  that collects this way. Bauxite is our main  source  of aluminum  ore .
    ::天气可能集中一些资源。 在热带气候中, 化学天气可能是密集的。 有些矿物质溶解, 水会把它们运走。 这留下不可溶解的材料。 铝土是以这种方式收集的氧化铝。 铝土是铝矿石的主要来源。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Different minerals and rocks weather at different rates under the same conditions.
      ::不同矿物质和岩石的天气在相同条件下以不同速率不同。
    • Different temperature and precipitation will cause the same materials to weather differently.
      ::不同的温度和降水量会导致同样的物质不同天气。
    • Vegetation increases weathering, both mechanical and chemical.
      ::植被使机械和化学的风化增加。

    Review
     ::回顾

    1. Why are igneous rocks more resistant to weathering than sedimentary rocks? 
      ::为什么有色岩石比沉积岩更耐风化呢?
    1. What types of rocks weather most readily? Why?
      ::哪种岩石天气最容易?
    1. What types weather least readily? Why?
      ::什么样的天气最不方便?
    1. What climate types cause more intense weathering? What climate types cause less intense weathering?
      ::哪些气候类型造成更剧烈的天气?哪些气候类型造成较少剧烈的天气?
    1. How do plants increase both types of weathering?
      ::植物如何增加这两种类型的天气?
    1. How does bauxite form? What resource comes from bauxite?
      ::铝土是如何形成的?什么资源来自铝土?