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  • General

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  • 土壤的类型

    Lesson
    ::经验教训

     

    Comparative landscapes showing Tuscan vineyards and deforested agricultural land in China.

     

    Where would you rather grow crops?
    ::你宁愿在哪里种植庄稼?

    The  soil  on the left is in Tuscany in Italy. Tuscany is best known for growing grapes for wine and olives for olive  oil . The soil on the right is in China. It is the soil that remained when  rainforest  trees were removed. Do you know which soil would be better for crops?
    ::左边的土壤在意大利的托斯卡纳。托斯卡纳最著名的是种植葡萄以酿酒,橄榄橄榄以橄榄油。右边的土壤在中国。雨林树被清除时留下的土壤。你知道哪块土壤对作物更好吗?

    Types of Soils
    ::土壤类型

    For soil scientists, there are thousands of types of soil! Soil scientists put soils into very specific groups with certain characteristics. Each soil type has its own name. Let’s consider a much simpler  model , with just three types of soil. These types are based on  climate . Just remember that there are many more than just these three types.
    ::对于土壤科学家来说,有数千种土壤类型!土壤科学家将土壤分成具有某些特点的非常具体的组别。每种土壤类型都有自己的名字。让我们考虑一个简单得多的模式,只有三种土壤类型。这些类型以气候为基础。只要记住这三种类型远不止于这三种。

    Pedalfer
    ::护泥器

    One important type of soil forms in a  deciduous forest . In these forests, trees lose their leaves each winter.  Deciduous trees  need lots of  rain  — at least 65 cm of rainfall per  year .  Deciduous forests  are common in the temperate, eastern United States. The type of soil found in a deciduous forest is a  pedalfer  ( Figure   ). This type of soil is usually dark brown or black in color and very fertile.
    ::一种重要的土壤形式在衰落的森林中形成。在这些森林中,树木每年冬季都会失去树叶。枯萎的树木需要大量雨水——每年至少65厘米的降雨量。在美国东部的温带地区,枯萎的森林很常见。在衰落的森林中发现的土壤类型是种踏板(图 ) 。这种土壤通常是黑色的棕色或黑色的,并且非常肥沃。

    Fertile dark brown soil in a deciduous forest, showing plowed land and tree line.

     

    The soil beneath a deciduous forest is a pedalfer. These soils are very fertile.
    ::退化的森林下的土壤是踏板,这些土壤非常肥沃。

    Pedocal
    ::佩多尔

    Pedocal  soil forms where grasses and brush are common ( Figure   ). The climate is drier, with less than 65 cm of rain per year. With less rain, there is less  , there is less  organic  material, and the soils are slightly less fertile.
    ::常见草和刷子的土壤形态(图)。气候干燥,每年降雨不到65厘米。雨少,雨少,有机材料少,土壤肥沃度稍小。

    A dry grassland landscape showing sparse vegetation and a dirt road under a blue sky.

     

    Grassland soils are less rich than soils in more humid regions.
    ::较湿润地区的草原土壤不如土壤丰富。

    Laterite
    ::红红

    A third important type of soil is  laterite . Laterite forms in tropical areas. Temperatures are warm and rain falls every  day  ( Figure   ). So much rain falls that chemical weathering is intense. All soluble   are washed from the soil. Plant  nutrients  get carried away. There is practically no  humus . Laterite soils are often red in color from the iron  oxides . If laterites are exposed to the  , they bake as hard as a brick.
    ::第三种重要的土壤是红土。在热带地区,红土是红土。温度是温暖的,雨量是每天降下的(图 ) 。雨量如此之大,以至于化学风化强度如此之大。所有可溶性都被冲出土壤。植物养分被冲走。植物养分实际上没有土豆。红土往往是氧化铁的红土。如果红土暴露在红土中,它们会像砖一样烤硬。

    A landscape showing red laterite soil and dense tropical vegetation.

     

    Laterite soils, which are found beneath rainforests, are not good for growing crops.
    ::在雨林之下发现的红土土壤对种植作物不利。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Pedalfer is the soil common in deciduous forests. Pedalfer is dark brown and fertile.
      ::护泥地是退化森林中常见的土壤,护泥地是深棕色和肥沃的。
    • Pedocal is the soil common in grasslands. The more arid climate increases calcium in the soil. Pedocal is not as fertile.
      ::牧草是草原上常见的土壤,较干旱的气候增加土壤中的钙。
    • Laterite forms in tropical rain forests. Chemical weathering strips the soils of their nutrients. When the forest is removed the soil is not very fertile.
      ::在热带雨林中,化学风化将土壤中的养分剥去。当森林被移走时,土壤的肥沃度不高。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is pedocal? How much chemical weathering leads to this soil type and why?
      ::什么是石化?多少化学风化导致这种土壤类型以及为什么?
    1. What is the plant life found with pedocal soils? How much organic material do they contain?
      ::用石化土壤发现的植物寿命是多少?它们含有多少有机材料?
    1. What is pedalfer? How much chemical weathering leads to this soil type and why?
      ::什么是踏板?多少化学风化导致这种土壤类型以及为什么?
    1. What is the plant life found with pedalfer soils?
      ::用踏板土壤发现的植物寿命是多少?
    1. What is laterite? How much chemical weathering leads to this soil type and why?
      ::多少化学风化导致这种土壤类型以及为什么?
    1. What is the plant life found with laterite soils?
      ::用土土壤发现的植物寿命是多少?
    1. If a forest is leveled so that a laterite soil is exposed to the Sun, what happens to it?
      ::如果森林被夷为平地,使红土暴露在太阳之下,那么它会怎样呢?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    1. What is laterite?
      ::什么是红?
    1. Where is it found?
      ::在哪里找到的?
    1. What zones are in laterite? What process or lack of that process produces each zone?
      ::哪些区域处于平坦地带?哪些进程或缺乏这一进程产生每个区域?哪些进程或缺乏这一进程产生每个区域?
    1. How does an ore body with a high amount of metals form in these soils?
      ::这些土壤中金属含量高的矿体如何形成?