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  • 测试 - 高级

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    What may be the longest living large ?
    ::最长的生命体型是什么?

    Giant tortoises ( Geochelone elephantopus ). Most live over 100 years, with the record currently well over 150 years. The giant tortoise is really a giant. It can weigh over 500 pounds and measure 6 feet from head to tail. There is, however, some evidence of bowhead whales (45-60 feet long and weighing 75-100 tons) living to over 200 years. Either way, giant tortoises live a long time.
    ::巨龟(Geochelone 大象) 。 大部分活到100年以上, 目前的记录超过150年。 巨龟确实是一个巨型巨龟, 它的重量超过500磅, 从头到尾可以测量6英尺。 然而, 有证据表明, 弓头鲸( 45- 60 英尺长, 体重超过 75- 100 吨) 活到200 年以上。 不管怎么说, 巨龟都活得很长。

    Order Testudines
    ::定令睾丸

    Turtles, tortoises, and terrapins are of the order Testudines . Testudines includes both extant (living) and extinct . The earliest known turtles are from around 215 million years ago, making turtles one of the oldest reptile groups and a much more ancient group than . About 300 species are alive today and some are highly endangered.
    ::海龟、海龟、海龟和梯田是测试动物的顺序。 测试动物既包括(活的)现存的和灭绝的。已知最早的海龟来自大约2.15亿年前的海龟,使海龟成为最古老的爬虫群之一,而且比现在还要古老得多。 今天,大约有300种物种存活下来,有些物种濒临高度濒危。

    Like other reptiles, turtles are poikilotherms. They can control their body temperature by modifying their behavior. Like other amniotes (reptiles, dinosaurs , , and mammals), they breathe air and lay their eggs on land, although many species live in or around . The largest turtles are .
    ::与其他爬行动物一样,海龟是多孔热。它们可以通过改变自身行为来控制体温。像其他的羊膜动物(肾上腺素、恐龙和哺乳动物)一样,它们呼吸空气,在陆地上产卵,尽管许多物种生活在其中或周围。最大的海龟是最大的海龟。

    Although many turtles spend large amounts of their lives underwater, all turtles and tortoises breathe air and must surface at regular intervals to refill their lungs . They can also spend much of their lives on dry land. Some species have cloacae that are lined with many finger-like projections. These projections, called papillae, have a rich supply and increase the surface area of the cloacae. The turtles can take up dissolved oxygen from the water using these papillae, in much the same way that use gills to respire. This allows them to remain submerged for longer periods of time.
    ::虽然许多海龟在水下度过大量生命,但所有海龟和乌龟都呼吸空气,必须定期浮出水面以填充肺部,他们也可以在旱地上度过大部分生命,有些物种的树脂线与许多手指类预测一致。这些预测称为“papillae”,其供应量丰富,并增加了海豹的表面积。海龟可以使用这些海豹从水中提取溶解氧气,其方式与用刺来重新注入水的方法大致相同。这使得海龟可以长期沉没在水中。

    Turtle, Tortoise, or Terrapin?
    ::海龟,乌龟,还是Terrapin?

    Although the word "turtle" is widely used to describe all members of the order Testudines, it is also common to see certain members described as terrapins, tortoises or sea turtles as well. Precisely how these alternative names are used, if at all, depends on the part of the world that you are in, as shown in  Figure . To avoid confusion, the word chelonian is popular among veterinarians, scientists, and conservationists working with these animals as a catch-all name for any member of the order Testudines.
    ::虽然“涡轮”一词被广泛用来描述所有动物,但同样常见的情况是,某些动物被描述为梯田、海龟或海龟。如图所示,这些替代名称的准确使用,如果是的话,完全取决于你所在的世界。为了避免混乱,与这些动物合作的兽医、科学家和养护者中流行的切隆尼一词,认为是任何动物的统称。

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    What you call members of the order Testudines depends on where you live. Using more than one term to describe the same organism can cause confusion. Therefore, the term chelonian is used by researchers, scientists, and veterinarians to describe terrapins, tortoises, turtles, and sliders. This table lists the most common terms used in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia.

    The largest chelonian is the great leatherback sea turtle, which reaches a shell length of 200 cm (80 inches) and can reach a weight of over 900 kg (2,000 lbs). Giant tortoises of the genera Geochelone, Meiolania, and others were relatively widely distributed around the world in prehistoric times and are known to have existed in North and South America, Australia, and Africa. They became extinct at the same time as the appearance of humans, and it is assumed that humans hunted them for food . The only surviving giant tortoises live in the Seychelles and Galápagos Islands . These tortoises can grow to over 130 cm (50 in) in length and weigh about 300 kg (670 lb).
    ::最大的雪松海龟是大棱皮海龟,壳壳长200厘米(80英寸),重量超过900公斤(2 000磅)。 巨型巨龟Geochelone、Meiolania等巨型巨龟在史前时期相对分布于世界各地,已知存在于北美和南美洲、澳大利亚和非洲。它们随着人类的出现而灭绝,估计人类捕食它们。塞舌尔和加拉帕戈斯群岛是唯一存活下来的巨龟。这些巨龟长超过130厘米(50英寸),体重约为300公斤(670磅)。

    Anatomy
    ::解解解剖学

    Testudines have a unique body form; most of their body is shielded by a special bony or cartilaginous shell, called a carapace, which is developed from their ribs, as shown in  Figure . The spine and ribs are fused to bony plates beneath the skin, which interlock to form a hard shell. Exterior to the skin, the shell is covered by scutes - horny plates made of keratin . The scutes protect the shell from scrapes and bruises. Turtles can survive surprisingly severe injuries to the carapace, and even deep cracks or missing portions can fill in with and heal.
    ::睾丸有独特的身体形态;其大部分身体被一种特殊的皮质或毛皮外壳遮蔽,称为卡帕塞,从肋骨中形成,如图所示。脊椎和肋骨被绑在皮下有骨质的板块上,从而相互交织形成坚硬的壳壳。外皮外皮外皮,外皮上盖有被皮毛覆盖的外皮 -- -- 由Keratin制成的角质的板块。切割保护壳壳免受碎屑和淤青的伤害。海龟可以幸存下来,令人惊讶的是,卡帕切的伤很严重,甚至深度裂缝或缺失的部分也能补足和愈合。

    The softshell turtles, pig-nose turtle, and leatherback sea turtle do not have scutes, and the bony carapace is covered only by skin. The carapaces of many species of turtles are brightly colored and patterned, allowing individuals to identify others of their species from a distance. The carapaces expand and grow outward, like growth rings on a tree, as the turtle or tortoise matures. The plastron makes up the lower half of a turtle's shell.
    ::软壳海龟、猪鼻龟和皮革海龟没有外壳,皮毛的木瓜只有皮肤覆盖。许多种类的海龟的木瓜颜色亮亮,有规律,让个人能够从远处识别其他物种。木薯像树上的生长环一样向外扩张,随着海龟或乌龟的成熟。海龟是海龟壳的下半部分。

    When they feel threatened or in danger, testudines can retract their head and limbs into their shell for protection.
    ::当他们感到受到威胁或危险时,睾丸可以收回头部和四肢,进入外壳以获得保护。

    The shell structure of a testudine.
    The shell structure of a testudine. Note the interlocking structure of the carapace.

    Lifecycle
    ::生命周期

    Many, though not all, species of tortoises are sexually dimorphic. Sexual dimorphism is the difference in form between individuals of different sexes in the same species. Examples include size, color, and the presence or absence of parts of the body used in displays or fights such as ornamental feathers , horns, antlers, or tusks. Humans are sexually dimorphic, as are most species of Testudines. The differences between male and female testudines vary from species to species. In most tortoise species, the female tends to be larger than the male. The male also has a plastron that is concave (curved inwards), which allows the male to mount the female during mating .
    ::性畸形是同一物种中不同性别个体之间的形式差异,例如体积大小、颜色、展示或战斗中使用的身体部位的存在或不存在,例如观赏羽毛、角、鹿角、鹿角或象牙等。人类是性畸形的,与大多数Testudine物种一样。男女之间的睾丸差异因物种而异。在大多数乌龟物种中,雌性往往大于雄性。雄性也有一个螺旋状体,可以让雄性在交配期间攀登雌性。

    The green sea turtle ( Chelonia mydas ), shown in Figure  , is one of the best studied sea turtle species. Much of what is known about sea turtle behavior and ecology was learned from studies of green sea turtles. After mating at sea, female green turtles come to shore, dig a hole in the sand, and lay between 100 to 200 eggs. After laying eggs, the female then covers the nest with sand and returns to the sea. After 45 to 70 days, the eggs hatch, at night, and the hatchlings instinctively move directly towards the water's edge.
    ::图中显示的绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)是研究最好的海龟物种之一。关于海龟行为和生态学的大部分知识来自对绿海龟的研究。在海边交配后,雌性绿海龟来到岸边,在沙地上挖一个洞,产下100至200个蛋。产卵后,雌性海龟用沙子覆盖巢并返回海洋。45至70天后,卵子孵化,在夜间,孵化孵化,直直奔水边。

    No known species of turtle cares for their young hatchlings; the hatchlings must fend for themselves as soon as they are born. Scientists estimate that only about one in a hundred turtle hatchlings survive into . It is estimated that green turtles take twenty to fifty years to reach maturity. Individuals of the species are known to live up to eighty years or longer in the wild.
    ::没有已知的海龟物种会关心幼龟的幼崽;幼龟出生后必须自生自灭。科学家估计,每100只海龟幼龟中只有1只存活下来。 据估计,绿海龟需要20到50年才能成熟,据了解,这些物种的个体在野外生存长达80年或更长的时间。

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    A green turtle swimming off the coast of the Philippines. Green turtles are recognized as an endangered species. It is illegal to collect, harm, or kill these turtles. Habitat loss due to human development is a major reason for the loss of green turtle nesting beaches.

    Unlike turtles, the hatchlings of most tortoise species ( testudines) will move from their nest into their mother's burrow following their hatching. The mother will usually provide protection for the hatchlings for about 80 days, after which the babies will attempt to survive on their own.
    ::与海龟不同的是,大多数乌龟物种(睾丸)的孵化动物在孵化后将从巢中移到母洞中。 母亲通常为幼崽提供大约80天的保护,此后婴儿将试图独自生存。

    Long Lifespan
    ::长寿命

    Testudines generally have lifespans comparable to those of human beings, and some individuals are known to have lived longer than 150 years. The oldest testudine ever recorded was a radiated tortoise ( Geochelone radiata ), one of which is shown in Figure . Tui Malila was presented to the Tongan royal family by the British explorer Captain James Cook shortly after the tortoise’s birth in 1777. Tui Malila remained in the care of the Tongan royal family until its death in 1965, at age 188.
    ::试验动物的寿命一般与人类的寿命相当,据了解,有些人的寿命已超过150年,历史上记录的最古老的试验动物是放射性乌龟(Geochelone laxa),其中之一见图。图伊·马利拉在1777年乌龟出生后不久由英国探险家詹姆斯·库克船长向汤加皇室介绍。图伊·马利拉一直由汤加王室照料,直到1965年去世,当时188岁。

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    A radiated tortoise (Geochelone radiata) is a tortoise species that is native to southern Madagascar. It is an herbivore and can be quite long-lived.

    Harriet was a Galápagos tortoise ( Geochelone elephantopus porteri ) who had an estimated age of 175 years at the time of her death in the Australia Zoo, Queensland. Harriet is the second oldest tortoise ever authenticated. She was reportedly collected by Charles Darwin during his visit to the Galápagos Islands in 1835, as part of his around-the-world survey expedition. Harriet was transported to England and then brought to her final home, Australia, by a retiring captain of the Beagle.
    ::哈丽特是在昆士兰州澳洲动物园死亡时估计年龄175岁的Geochelone eperopus Portareri的乌龟,Harriet是历史上第二大龟,据报是查尔斯·达尔文在1835年访问加拉帕戈斯群岛时收集的,这是他环球考察的一部分,Harriet被送往英国,然后由比格尔号即将退休的船长带到她最后的家澳大利亚。

    Researchers have recently discovered that a testudine’s organs do not gradually break down or become less efficient over time, unlike most other animals. It was found that the liver , lungs, and of a centenarian (over a 100 years old) turtle are virtually indistinguishable from those of an immature turtle. This has inspired genetic researchers to begin examining the turtle genome for longevity genes .
    ::研究者最近发现睾丸的器官不会逐渐分解,也不会随着时间的流逝而降低效率,这与其他动物不同。 研究者发现,雄龟的肝脏、肺和百年(超过100年)海龟几乎无法与不成熟海龟的海龟区分开来。 这促使基因研究人员开始研究海龟基因组的长寿基因。

    Diet
    ::饮食

    Most terrestrial testudines are herbivores . They feed on grazing grasses, weeds , leafy greens, flowers , and certain fruits . Their main diet consists of alfalfa, clover, dandelions, and leafy weeds, although they will also eat various .
    ::大部分陆生睾丸都是食草动物,它们食用草草、杂草、绿叶、花叶和某些水果,它们的主要饮食包括紫发、青叶、花叶、花叶和叶叶草,尽管它们也会吃多种。

    Newly-emerged turtle hatchlings are carnivorous, feeding on small organisms on the ocean surface. In contrast, immature juveniles and adult turtles are herbivorous grazers, commonly found in seagrass meadows closer inshore. However, adult leatherback turtles ( Dermochelys coriace ) feed almost exclusively on jellyfish.
    ::新的海龟孵化物是食肉动物,在海洋表面喂养小生物;相比之下,不成熟的幼龟和成年海龟是食草动物,通常见于近岸海草草地,但成年皮龟(Dermochelys coriace)几乎完全食用水母。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Turtles, tortoises, and terrapins are reptiles of the order Testudines.
      ::海龟、乌龟和梯田 是动物的爬行动物
    • Members of the order Testudines are referred to differently depending on the region.
      ::根据地区不同,对 " 遗嘱 " 成员有不同的提法。
    • Testudines have a unique body form where most of their body is shielded by a special bony or cartilaginous shell (carapace), which is developed from their ribs.
      ::睾丸有独特的身体形态,其大部分身体被从肋骨中培养出来的特别的骨壳或圆形外壳(carapace)遮蔽。
    • Many, though not all, species of tortoises are sexually dimorphic.
      ::许多,虽然不是全部, 乌龟是性畸形的。
    • Most terrestrial testudines are herbivores, whereas most newly-emerged aquatic testudines are carnivorous.
      ::大多数陆生睾丸是食草动物,而大多数新出现的水生睾丸是食肉动物。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Which group of reptiles is more ancient: squamates or testudines?
      ::哪些类爬行动物更古老? 是同源物还是睾丸?
    2. How do some species of Testudines stay submerged for long periods of time?
      ::某些物种如何长期沉没在水底?
    3. What forms the carapace of testudines?
      ::什么是睾丸的卡帕?
    4. How do most species of tortoise exhibit sexual dimorphism?
      ::大多数乌龟物种如何表现出性畸形?
    5. Give one possible explanation for why testudines can live for such extended periods of time.
      ::给出一个可能的解释,说明为什么睾丸可以活这么长时间。
    6. What do testudines usually consume?
      ::睾丸通常会吃什么?