16.47哺乳动物分类 -- -- 高级
Section outline
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How would you classify this mammal ?
::你会怎么分类这个哺乳动物?Obviously, it is a camel, but is there more to it than that? There are 17 orders of . But then these mammals need to be further classified into families, genera, and finally .
::显然,它是骆驼,但还有比这更多的吗?有17个命令。但是,这些哺乳动物需要进一步分为家庭、基因组和最后。Classification of Mammals
::哺乳动物分类In 1945, George Gaylord Simpson, a mammal expert and the foremost paleontologist of the 20 th century, published his now famous work, Principles of and a . In this book, Simpson laid out a detailed classification of all the living and extinct mammalian groups that were then known. His classification was widely accepted for decades. In this classification, all living mammals are divided into two subclasses: Prototheria, which includes , and Theria, which includes the infraclasses of metatherian (marsupials) and eutherian (placentals) mammals. Simpson grouped placental mammals into about 30 orders, of which 17 were still living. This classification is based on similarities in form and function among both and living mammals. It stills appears in many textbooks.
::1945年,一位哺乳动物专家、20世纪最杰出的古生物学家乔治·盖洛德·辛普森(George Gaylord Simpson)发表了他现在著名的著作《原则》和《......原则》。在这本书中,辛普森对当时已知的所有活的和灭绝的哺乳动物群体作了详细的分类,他的分类被广泛接受几十年。在这一分类中,所有活哺乳动物都分为两个小类:Prototheria(包括)和Theria(包括超自然(marsudials)和安提尔(places)哺乳动物的次类)。辛普森将胎形哺乳动物分为大约30个组,其中17个仍在生活。这一分类基于形式和功能上的相似性以及活哺乳动物和活的哺乳动物。它仍然出现在许多教科书中。Traditional Classification
::传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类 传统分类The most widely accepted traditional classification of mammals divides living placental mammals into 17 orders. These orders are shown in Table . This classification of mammals was widely accepted for more than 50 years. Placental mammals are still commonly placed in these orders. However, this classification is not very useful for studies of mammalian evolution. That is because it groups together some mammals that do not seem to be closely related by descent from a recent common ancestor .
::最普遍接受的哺乳动物传统分类法将活胎哺乳动物分为17个顺序。这些顺序见表。这种哺乳动物分类法被广泛接受已有50多年了。胎盘哺乳动物通常仍被置于这些顺序中。然而,这种分类法对于哺乳动物演变的研究并不十分有用。这是因为它把一些似乎与最近共同祖先的血统没有密切联系的哺乳动物组合在一起。Order Example Sample Trait Insectivora mole
::摩尔small sharp teeth Edentata anteater
::亚亚图few or no teeth Pholidota pangolin
::潘戈林large plate-like scales Chiroptera bat
::蝙蝠棒digits support membranous wings Carnivora coyote
::土狼long pointed canine teeth Rodentia mouse
::鼠鼠鼠鼠鼠鼠鼠鼠incisor teeth grow continuously Lagomorpha rabbit
::兔子兔子chisel-like incisor teeth Perissodactyla horse
::马马odd-toed hooves Artiodactyla deer
::鹿even-toed hooves Cetacea whale
::鲸鲸paddle-like forelimbs monkey
::猴子猴five digits on hands and feet Proboscidea elephant
::大象tusks Hyracoidea hyrax
::赫纳克斯rubbery pads on feet Dermoptera colugo
::科卢戈membrane of skin between legs for gliding Pinnipedia seal
::密封封印feet with fins Sirenia manatee
::年 年 年 年paddle-like tail Tubulidentata aardvark
::华氏体teeth without enamel McKenna/Bell Classification
::麦肯纳/贝尔分类In 1997, a revised classification of mammals was proposed by paleontologists Malcolm McKenna and Susan Bell of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Their classification was soon accepted by most paleontologists. The McKenna/Bell classification places both the and the placental mammals in the same infraclass, called Holotheria, which is subdivided into lower taxa called cohorts. Marsupials are placed in one cohort and placentals in another. The placental cohort is subdivided, in turn, into about 30 orders of living and extinct mammals, several of which are the same as those in Simpson’s earlier classification.
::1997年,纽约美国自然历史博物馆的古生物学家Malcolm McKenna和Susan Bell提议对哺乳动物进行订正分类,这些分类很快为大多数古生物学家所接受。麦肯纳/贝尔分类法将胎盘哺乳动物和胎盘哺乳动物都放在同一次类中,称为Holotheria,再细分为更低的分类法,称为组群。 Marsupial放在另一个组群和胎盘中。胎盘组又细分为大约30个生活和灭绝哺乳动物组,其中一些与辛普森早先的分类法相同。Phylogenetic Classification
::生代遗传学分类Phylogenetic analyses of molecular data, especially the mammalian “supertree” referred to in the Mammals: Evolution (Advanced) concept, show that classifications based mainly on similarities of form and function sometimes group together species that are not actually closely related. In some cases, mammals have been grouped together in the same order because they have similar traits, but the traits appear to have evolved independently in different species of the order. Phylogenetic classifications, in contrast, group together only those mammals that are closely related because they share a common ancestor (see the Classification concepts). Based on molecular data, the placental mammals are now generally placed in four superorders:
::对分子数据的基因分析,特别是哺乳动物:进化(高级)概念中提及的哺乳动物“超级树”的细胞基因分析表明,主要基于形式和功能相似性的分类主要基于形式和功能的相似性,有时将实际上没有密切联系的物种组合在一起,在某些情况下,哺乳动物的分类顺序相同,因为它们有相似的特性,但特征似乎在不同种类的顺序上独立演变。-
Afrotheria—aardvarks, elephants, and manatees.
::Afrotheria - ardvarks, 大象, 和庄园。 -
Xenarthra—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos.
::塞纳特拉 - 香肠 - 香肠 - 香肠 - 葡萄干 - 香肠 -
Laurasiatheria—bats, whales, hoofed mammals, and
carnivores
.
::Laurasiatheria -- -- 蝙蝠、鲸鱼、蹄类哺乳动物和食肉动物。 -
Supraprimates—primates, rabbits, and
rodents
.
::超前囚犯 - - 长辈,兔子,和鼠类。
All four superorders appear to have become distinct from one another before the dinosaurs disappeared at the end of the Cretaceous period. Most phylogenetic estimates place the divergence of the four groups between about 85 and 105 million years ago. Some evidence suggests that the Laurasiatheria and Supraprimates superorders are more closely related to one another than to the other two superorders. However, the exact relationships among the superorders are still controversial. Further revisions of mammalian classification are likely as more fossils are found and additional phylogenetic analyses are performed.
::大部分植物遗传学估计认为这四组的差别大约在8500万到1.05亿年前。一些证据表明劳拉西亚提里亚和苏普拉普里美特的超级订单彼此之间的关系比其他两个超级订单更为密切。然而,这些超级订单之间的确切关系仍然有争议。随着发现更多的化石和进行更多的植物遗传分析,对哺乳动物分类的进一步修订很可能是可能的。Summary
::摘要-
In 1945, George Gaylord Simpson, a mammal expert and the foremost paleontologist of the 20th century, came out with his classification of mammals that is sometimes still used today.
::1945年,一位哺乳动物专家、20世纪最杰出的古生物学家乔治·盖洛德·辛普森(George Gaylord Simpson)提出了对哺乳动物的分类,而哺乳动物的分类今天有时仍然使用。 -
Simpson's classification is not very useful for studies of mammalian evolution because it groups together some mammals that do not seem to be closely related by descent from a recent common ancestor.
::辛普森的分类对哺乳动物进化的研究并不十分有用,因为它将一些似乎与最近共同祖先的血统没有密切联系的哺乳动物聚集在一起。 -
In 1997, a revised classification of mammals was proposed by paleontologists Malcolm McKenna and Susan Bell of the American Museum of Natural History in New York.
::1997年,纽约美国自然历史博物馆的古生物学家Malcolm McKenna和Susan Bell提议修订哺乳动物分类。 -
Based on molecular data, the placental mammals are now generally placed in four superorders: Afrotheria, Xenarthra, Laurasiatheria, and Supraprimates.
::根据分子数据,胎盘哺乳动物现在一般分为四个超级序列:Afrotheria、Xenarthra、Laurasiatheria和Supraprimatines。
Review
::回顾-
Why is Simpson's original classification of mammals insufficient for certain purposes?
::为什么辛普森最初对哺乳动物的分类不足以满足某些目的? -
How does the McKenna/Bell classification differ from Simpson's classification of mammals?
::麦肯纳/贝尔的分类与辛普森的哺乳动物分类有何不同? -
How does phylogenetic classification place living placental mammals?
::植物遗传分类如何定位活胎哺乳动物?
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Afrotheria—aardvarks, elephants, and manatees.
