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  • General

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  • 地下水侵蚀

    Scenic coastal view of Tulum and a cenote in Yucatan, highlighting natural resources.
     

    What resources does a coastal city need?
    ::沿海城市需要什么资源?

    Tulum is a walled city that was once inhabited by the Maya people. Tulum is on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The beautiful blue Caribbean supplied the Maya with abundant fish. What else would the Maya people have needed? Fresh  water  is found in cenotes,  sinkholes  that are common in the Yucatan limestone.
    ::Tulum是一座曾经有玛雅人居住的城墙。Tulum位于墨西哥的尤卡坦半岛上。美丽的蓝色加勒比为玛雅提供了丰富的鱼类。玛雅人还需要什么?淡水在尤卡坦石灰岩中常见的注注解和坑洞中找到。

    Groundwater Erosion
    ::地下水侵蚀

    Some water soaks into the ground. It travels down through tiny holes in  soil . It seeps through cracks in  . The water moves slowly, pulled deeper and deeper by gravity. Water in an underground rock or  sediment  layer is  . Underground water can also erode and deposit material.
    ::有些水渗入地面,穿过土壤中的小洞,渗入裂缝。水在重力下缓慢地移动,从深处拉到深处。地下水在地下岩石或沉积层中是水。地下水也可能侵蚀和沉积材料。

    Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as it falls. The CO 2  combines with water to form carbonic acid. The slightly acidic water is especially good at dissolving the rock limestone. Groundwater creates  landforms  by dissolving away rock.
    ::雨水在下降时吸收二氧化碳(CO2),二氧化碳与水结合形成碳酸,微酸水在溶解岩石石灰岩方面特别好,地下水通过溶解岩石而形成地貌。

    Florida is unique for groundwater  erosion . The state is extremely flat and is made mostly of limestone. Due to the wet  climate , groundwater surfaces in many locations. In the Everglades,  rivers  create a wide  floodplain  and groundwater comes to the surface ( Figure ).
    ::佛罗里达州在地下水侵蚀方面是独一无二的。 州是极平的,大部分是石灰岩。 由于潮湿的气候,地下水地表遍布许多地方。 在埃弗格拉底河中,河流形成大面积的洪泛,地下水进入地表(图 ) 。

    A tranquil river bordered by trees and a sandy shore, reflecting a clear blue sky.
     
    A cypress forest in Everglades National Park needs water to thrive.

    Caves
    ::洞洞洞洞洞

    Caves are one of the types of landforms created by groundwater erosion. Working slowly over many years, groundwater travels along small cracks. The water dissolves and carries away the solid rock. This gradually enlarges the cracks. Eventually, a cave may form.
    ::洞穴是地下水侵蚀所创造的地形类型之一。 多年来,地下水缓慢地工作,沿着小裂缝流动。 水溶解并带走了坚固的岩石。 这逐渐扩大了裂缝。 最终, 洞穴可能形成。

    Sinkholes
    ::汇孔

    As erosion by groundwater continues, the ceiling of a cave may collapse. The rock and soil above it sink into the ground. This forms a  sinkhole  on the surface. Some sinkholes are large enough to swallow up a home or several homes in a neighborhood.
    ::随着地下水侵蚀的继续,洞穴的天花板可能会坍塌,山顶上的岩石和土壤会沉入地面,形成地表的坑洞,有些坑洞大得足以吞噬一个街区的房屋或若干户人家。

    Further Reading
    ::继续阅读

    Deposition by 
    ::交存

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Groundwater erodes rock beneath the ground surface. Limestone is a carbonate and is most easily eroded.
      ::地下水侵蚀地表下的岩石,石灰岩是一种碳酸盐,很容易被侵蚀。
    • Groundwater dissolves minerals and carries the ions in solution.
      ::地下水溶解矿物,并携带离子溶解。
    • Groundwater erosion creates caves and sinkholes.
      ::地下水侵蚀造成洞穴和坑洞。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How does groundwater erode rock?
      ::地下水如何侵蚀岩石?
    1. Why is groundwater acidic?
      ::为什么地下水酸化?
    1. How does a cave become a sinkhole?
      ::洞怎么会变成坑洞?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    1. What is needed to create caves, like Kartchner Caverns?
      ::需要什么来创造洞穴, 像卡特克纳洞穴?
    1. When were they discovered? When did this area become a state park?
      ::他们何时被发现?
    1. How long did it take the caverns to form?
      ::洞穴形成需要多长时间?
    1. How are hollow areas created in the limestone?
      ::石灰岩中如何创造空洞地区?
    1. How do the interesting features like stalactites form?
      ::有趣的特征如何形成呢?
    1. Why is protecting the caves important?
      ::为什么保护洞穴很重要?