17.87 怀孕和分娩 -- -- 高级
章节大纲
-
Why is it called labor ?
::为什么叫劳动?So…the mother carries the developing baby for nine months. We know about the tremendous growth and of the embryo and fetus . Then comes labor.
::母亲怀孕九个月,我们知道 胎儿和胎儿的巨大成长Pregnancy and Childbirth
::怀孕和分娩Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more offspring from until birth. It is the development of a fetus from the expectant mother’s point of view. A woman is likely to first suspect she is pregnant when she misses a menstrual period. As you just read, secreted by the placenta maintain the endometrium of the uterus . This prevents menstruation from occurring once pregnancy begins.
::怀孕是指从一个或一个以上子女出生到出生的产子,从孕妇的角度来说,妊娠是胎儿的发育,如果妇女错过月经期,可能首先怀疑她怀孕。 正如你刚刚读到的,胎盘在胎盘中暗藏着子宫末宫,这防止了孕期一旦开始就发生月经。The pregnant mother plays a critical role throughout the embryonic and fetal periods. She must provide all the nutrients and other substances needed for normal growth and development. Therefore, it is important for the expectant mother to take good care of her health during pregnancy, for the sake of her baby as well as herself. Most importantly, the mother needs to avoid toxic substances and take in adequate nutrients.
::怀孕母亲在整个胚胎和胎儿期都发挥着关键作用,必须提供正常发育和发展所需的所有养分和其他物质,因此,孕妇在怀孕期间为了婴儿和自己,必须照顾好自己的健康,最重要的是,母亲必须避免有毒物质,并有足够的养分。Avoiding Toxins
::避免毒素Unfortunately the placenta cannot protect the developing embryo or fetus from all harmful substances in the mother’s . Some harmful substances from the mother’s blood that can cross the placenta and damage the embryo or fetus include the following:
::不幸的是,胎盘无法保护发育中的胚胎或胎儿免受母亲体内所有有害物质的伤害。 一些来自母亲血液的有害物质可以跨越胎盘并损害胚胎或胎儿,其中包括:-
Alcohol.
::酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 酒精 -
Chemicals in tobacco smoke.
::烟草烟雾中的化学品。 -
Aspirin.
::阿斯匹灵 -
Thalidomide (a prescription drug).
::塔利多米德(处方药)。 -
Heroin.
::海洛因。 -
Cocaine.
::可卡因。
These and other substances can cause birth defects. For example, if a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, it can cause variety of birth defects that are collectively called fetal alcohol syndrome. An illustration of an adult with fetal alcohol syndrome is shown in Figure . The defects include facial abnormalities, stunted growth, and mental retardation.
::例如,如果孕妇饮酒,可造成各种先天缺陷,统称为胎儿酒精综合症,图3说明了患有胎儿酒精综合症的成年人。这些缺陷包括面部畸形、发育迟缓和智力迟钝。Fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms. Alcohol and some other toxins can damage the developing brain at any time before birth because the brain continues to develop and grow rapidly throughout pregnancy. However, in general, birth defects are likely to be more severe when exposure to toxins occurs during the embryonic period. This is because the embryo is undergoing organogenesis. Any disruption of normal development during this early period is likely to have a greater impact on the organism than later in pregnancy, when the organs are already formed. Although exposure to toxins at later stages of development may do less damage, an expectant mother should try to avoid toxins throughout her pregnancy.
::酒精和某些其他毒素可能会在产前任何时候损害发育中的大脑,因为大脑在怀孕期间继续发育和迅速成长,但是,一般来说,当胚胎期间接触毒素时,先天缺陷可能更为严重,这是因为胚胎正在产生机能,在这一早期阶段正常发育的任何中断都可能会比妊娠后期(即器官已经形成时)对有机体产生更大的影响。虽然在发育后期接触毒素可能减少损伤,但孕妇在整个怀孕期间应尽量避免毒素。Taking in Nutrients
::养分摄入量The fetus depends completely on the mother for its nutrient needs. As a result, most nutrients are needed in greater amounts by a pregnant woman than a woman who is not pregnant. Some nutrients are especially important for embryonic or fetal development.
::胎儿的营养需要完全取决于母亲,因此,孕妇比没有怀孕的妇女更需要大部分营养物质,有些营养物质对胚胎或胎儿发育特别重要。-
Folic acid
(
vitamin
B
9
) is needed for normal development of the
spinal cord
. Inadequate folic acid intake can lead to spina bifida, a serious birth defect.
::脊髓正常发育需要叶酸(vitamin B9),叶酸摄入量不足可能导致脊椎分裂,这是一种严重的出生缺陷。 -
Calcium
is needed for normal development of
and teeth.
::正常发育和牙齿需要钙。 -
Iron is needed for the proper formation of
red blood cells
.
::红细胞的正确形成需要铁。 -
Omega-3
fatty acids
are important for normal development of
nerve
.
::Omega-3脂肪酸对于神经的正常发育很重要。
If an expectant mother eats a balance of foods from the different food groups, this diet will help ensure adequate nutrients for the fetus. Because needs for some nutrients are so high, nutrient supplements are usually recommended during pregnancy. Supplements formulated for pregnant women help supply adequate amounts of folic acid and other nutrients needed for normal growth and development of the fetus.
::如果孕妇从不同的食物群体中食用平衡的食物,这种饮食将有助于确保胎儿有足够的营养,因为某些营养素的需求很高,所以通常在怀孕期间建议补充营养素,为孕妇配制的添加剂有助于提供足够的叶酸和其他营养素,以便胎儿正常生长和发育。Childbirth
::分娩 分娩Near the time of birth, the amniotic sac breaks in a gush of fluid. Within 24 hours of the amniotic sac breaking, labor usually begins. Labor involves contractions of the muscular walls of the uterus. The contractions are stimulated by the release of the pituitary hormone oxytocin . The contractions cause the cervix to widen and the passage through the cervix to dilate, or open. The contractions become closer and stronger, and the cervix gradually becomes more dilated. This may take hours or even days. When the cervix is dilated to about 10 centimeters, the baby begins to move through cervix and into the vagina .
::分娩时, 羊水囊在液流中断裂。 在羊水囊断裂后24小时内, 劳动通常开始。 劳动涉及到子宫肌肉壁的收缩。 宫缩会因产卵性激素催产素的释放而刺激。 宫颈的收缩会扩大, 宫颈的通过会膨胀, 或打开。 宫颈的收缩会越来越密切, 宫颈会逐渐变大。 这可能需要几个小时甚至几天。 当宫颈膨胀到大约10厘米时, 婴儿就开始通过宫颈和进入阴道。At this point, the mother begins pushing to aid in the birth of the baby. This part of labor is generally shorter. The fetus usually emerges head first. Within seconds of birth, the umbilical cord is cut. Without this connection to the placenta, the baby cannot exchange carbon dioxide, which quickly builds up in the baby’s blood. This stimulates the brain to trigger , and the newborn takes its first breath. Generally, within half an hour or less of the birth of the baby, contractions of the uterus force the placenta and any remaining amniotic tissues out the mother’s body.
::此时,母亲开始推动帮助婴儿出生。 这部分劳动一般都比较短。 胎儿通常先出现头部。 出生后几秒钟内,就切断了脊髓。 没有胎盘,婴儿就无法交换二氧化碳,而二氧化碳会迅速积聚在婴儿的血液中。 这刺激了大脑触发,新生儿呼吸了第一次呼吸。 一般来说,在婴儿出生后半小时或不到半小时内,子宫收缩会迫使胎盘和母亲身体中任何残留的羊水组织。By birth, a fetus has a large head relative to its body size, because the brain is more developed than any other organ. Some areas of the skull have not yet been converted to hard bone, allowing the fetus’s head to change shape somewhat to fit through the cervix during birth. The head returns to its normal shape shortly after birth.
::胎儿出生时,其头部相对于其身体大小而言是很大的,因为大脑比其他器官都发达。 头骨的某些部分还没有被转换为硬骨,使得胎儿头部的形状在分娩期间能够通过子宫颈来改变。 头部在出生后不久恢复到正常状态。Summary
::摘要-
Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more offspring from fertilization until birth from the point of view of the mother.
::从母亲的角度来看,怀孕是指一个或多个子女从受孕到出生的生育。 -
The mother must provide all the nutrients and other substances needed for normal growth and development of the fetus. Therefore, it is important for the expectant mother to take good care of her health during pregnancy, for the sake of her baby as well as herself.
::母亲必须提供胎儿正常生长和发育所需的所有养分和其他物质,因此,孕妇在怀孕期间为了婴儿和自己,必须妥善照顾其健康。 -
During childbirth, contractions of the uterus push the child and eventually the placenta out of the body.
::在分娩期间,子宫的萎缩将孩子推出胎盘,最终将胎盘推出身体。
Review
::回顾-
List a few toxins that might get transferred from the mother to the child during pregnancy.
::列出一些可能在怀孕期间从母亲转移到孩子的毒素。 -
When is exposure to toxins particularly harmful with regards to a child's development?
::何时接触毒素对儿童发育特别有害? -
What are some essential nutrients that mother's should consume during pregnancy?
::母亲在怀孕期间应该食用哪些基本营养素? -
When does labor usually begin?
::劳动通常从什么时候开始? -
Why is the baby's head larger than the rest of its body?
::为什么婴儿的头比身体其他部位大?
-
Alcohol.
