8.1生物群落
章节大纲
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Where can you find an ecosystem?
::你在哪里能找到生态系统?Just about everywhere you could go in nature, you would be taking a field trip to an ecosystem . There are underwater ecosystems and coastal ecosystems. There are small scale ecosystems and large ones. There are even ecosystems inside your body!
::你几乎可以到任何地方去自然界, 你会到一个生态系统去实地考察。 有水下生态系统和沿海生态系统。 有小规模生态系统和大型生态系统。 甚至身体里也有生态系统!What Is An Ecosystem?
::什么是生态系统?An ecosystem is a group of living things and their environment. The word ecosystem is short for “ecological system.” Like any system, an ecosystem is a group of parts that work together. You can see examples of ecosystems in Figure . The forest pictured is a big ecosystem. Besides trees, what living things do you think are part of the forest ecosystem? The dead tree stump in the same forest is a small ecosystem. It includes plants, mosses, and fungi. It also includes insects and worms.
::生态系统是生命物及其环境的组合。生态系统一词短于“生态系统 ” 。 与任何系统一样,生态系统是一组共同发挥作用的部分。您可以看到图中生态系统的例子。图中显示的森林是一个大生态系统。除了树木,你认为什么是生命物是森林生态系统的一部分?同一森林中死亡的树桩是一个小生态系统,它包括植物、藻类和真菌。它也包括昆虫和虫子。An ecosystem can be big or small. A small ecosystem can be part of a larger ecosystem.
::生态系统可以是大生态系统,也可以是小生态系统,小生态系统可以是大生态系统的一部分。Abiotic Factors
::非生物因素Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of ecosystems. They include air, sunlight, soil , water , and . These are all things that are needed for life. They determine which living things—and how many of them—an ecosystem can support. Pictured below is an ecosystem and its abiotic factors ( Figure ).
::非生物因素是生态系统的非生物部分,包括空气、阳光、土壤、水和。这些都是生命所需要的所有东西,它们决定了生态系统能够支持哪些生物,以及其中有多少生物。以下是生态系统及其非生物因素(图)。Which abiotic factors do you see here?
::你看到的是哪些非生物因素?Biotic Factors
::生物生物因素Biotic factors are the living parts of ecosystems. They are the species of living things that reside together.
::生物因素是生态系统的活部分,它们是共同居住的生物物种。Species, Niche, and Habitat
::物种、尼切和生境A species is a unique type of organism. Members of a species can interbreed and produce offspring that can breed (they are fertile). Organisms that are not in the same species cannot do this. Examples of species include humans, lions, and redwood trees. Can you name other examples?
::一种物种是一种独特的有机体。 一种物种的成员可以相互交织,产生可以繁殖的后代(它们具有繁殖能力 ) 。 不属于同一物种的有机体不能这样做。 物种的例子包括人类、狮子和红木树。 您能否列举其他例子呢?Each species has a particular way of making a living. This is called its niche . You can see the niche of a lion below ( Figure ). A lion makes its living by hunting and eating other animals. Each species also has a certain place where it is best suited to live. This is called its habitat . The lion’s habitat is a grassland. Why is a lion better off in a grassland than in a forest?
::每个物种都有一种特定的谋生方式。这叫它的位置。你可以看到下面的狮子(图 ) 。 狮子通过狩猎和吃其他动物来生存。 每个物种也有一个最适合居住的地方。 这叫它的栖息地。 狮子的栖息地是一片草原。 为什么一只狮子在草原上比在森林里要好呢?A lion hunts a zebra. What is the lion's niche?
::狮子猎杀斑马 狮子的优势是什么?Living Together
::共同生活All the members of a species that live in the same area form a population . Many different species live together in an ecosystem. All their populations make up a community . What populations live together in the grassland pictured below ( Figure )?
::生活在同一区域内的物种的所有成员构成一个种群,许多不同的物种共同生活在生态系统中,它们的所有种群组成一个社区。在以下草原(图)中,哪些种群共同生活(图)?Summary
::摘要- All of the individuals of a species that exist together at a given place and time make up a population. A community is made up of all of the populations in an area.
::在一个特定地点和时间共同存在的物种的所有个体组成一个人口群体,一个社区由一个地区的所有人口组成。
- The living and nonliving factors that living organisms need plus the communities of organisms themselves make up an ecosystem.
::生物体所需要的生物和非生物因素,加上生物体本身构成生态系统的社区。
- A habitat is where an organism lives, and a niche is what it does to make a living.
::栖息地是生物体生活的地方,而其所处的位置是维持生计。
Review
::回顾- Define species, population, community, niche, habitat, biotic factor, and abiotic factor.
::界定物种、人口、群落、位置、生境、生物因素和非生物因素。
- Compare a lion and a deer. Which biotic and abiotic factors that each of these animals needs to live are the same?
::比较狮子和鹿。每种动物需要生存的生物和非生物因素都是一样的?
- Which biotic and abiotic factors are different between a lion and a deer?
::狮子和鹿之间有什么生物和非生物因素不同?
Explore More
::探索更多Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
::利用以下资源回答以下问题。- What are the biotic components of an ecosystem?
::生态系统的生物组成部分是什么?
- What is a species?
::什么是物种?
- What is a population?
::什么是人口?
- List two examples of populations.
::列举两个人口例子。
- What is a community?
::什么是社区?
- What is different between the size of an ecosystem and the size of a natural community?
::生态系统的大小与自然群落的大小有何不同?
- All of the individuals of a species that exist together at a given place and time make up a population. A community is made up of all of the populations in an area.
