18.9海洋生态系统
章节大纲
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What would a field trip into the ocean reveal?
::外出探海会揭示什么?There are all sorts of incredible life forms in the seas! Most live near the surface or come up to the surface. Some live very far below the surface and never come up. All are well adapted to their watery environment.
::海洋中有许多令人难以置信的生命形式。大多数生活在地表附近或浮出水面,有些生活在地表之下,而从未浮出水面。它们都非常适合水面环境。The Intertidal
::潮间自相残杀Have you been to a rocky shore and seen the intertidal ? It's the zone at the beach that is covered when the tide is up and uncovered when the tide is out. An abundance of life is found there, but it's a difficult place to live. Conditions change rapidly. Waves pound and the tide goes in and out ( Figure ).
::你去过一个岩石海岸,看到潮间潮流吗?是潮水涨起时海滨覆盖的地带,当潮水退去时就暴露出来。那里有丰富的生命,但居住的地方却很困难。条件变化很快。波浪和潮水进出(图 ) 。Organisms in a tide pool include a sea star and a sea urchin.
::潮汐池的生物 包括海星和海胆Many animals in the intertidal live in tide pools. What specific adaptations do they have to that zone? The mussels on the top left have hard shells. These protect them from waves and from drying out. The sea anemones in the lower right are more often submerged. They can close up during low . Both types of organisms have strong attachments so they don't wash out to sea.
::潮间水中的许多动物都生活在潮汐池中。它们对于这个区域有什么特定的适应措施? 左上方的贝类有硬壳。 它们能保护它们免受波浪和干燥的危害。 右下方的海葵往往被淹没。 它们可以在低层关闭。 这两种生物都有很强的附着物, 以免它们被冲到海里去。Many young organisms get their start in estuaries and so they must be adapted to rapid shifts in salinity .
::许多年轻生物在河口开始生长,因此必须适应盐度的迅速变化。Reefs
::礁礁礁Corals and other animals create limestone reefs near the shore. Coral reefs are the “ rainforests of the oceans.” They have a tremendous amount of species diversity ( Figure ).
::珊瑚和其他动物在海岸附近创造了石灰岩珊瑚礁,珊瑚礁是“海洋的雨林”。 它们具有巨大的物种多样性(图)。Coral reefs are very beautiful and very diverse.
::珊瑚礁非常美丽,非常多样。Reefs can form interesting shapes in the oceans. Remember that there are many in the ocean. Coral reefs can form on volcanoes in tropical water . Since the volcanoes are cones, the reef forms in a circle around the volcano. Eventually the volcano becomes inactive. The mountain subsides and erodes so that it is below sea level . This leaves a circular coral reef ( Figure ).
::珊瑚礁可以在海洋中形成有趣的形状。 记住海洋中有许多。 珊瑚礁可以在热带水中的火山上形成。 由于火山是锥形, 珊瑚礁在火山周围形成环状。 火山最终会变得无动于衷。 山脊会下沉并侵蚀, 使其在海平面以下。 这留下一个环状珊瑚礁( 图 ) 。In this image of Maupiti Island in the South Pacific, the remnants of the volcano are surrounded by the circular reef.
::在南太平洋的Maupiti岛的这种景象中,火山残留物被环礁环绕。Eventually, all that is left is a reef island called an atoll . A lagoon is found inside the reef.
::最后,只剩下一个珊瑚礁岛,叫做环礁岛。珊瑚礁内发现了一个环礁湖。Oceanic Zone
::海洋区The open ocean is a vast area. Food washes down from the land. Food is also created by photosynthesizing plankton . Zooplankton and larger animals feed on the phytoplankton and on each other. Larger animals such as whales and giant groupers may live their entire lives in the open water.
::开阔的海洋是一个广阔的区域,食物从陆地中冲下。食物也是由光合成浮游生物创造的。动物浮游生物和大型动物以浮游植物为食,互相为食。大型动物,如鲸鱼和巨型聚类动物,可以在开阔的水域中生活。In the deepest ocean, survival is almost impossible ( Figure ). It’s very rare to find a meal, so the fish there use very little energy . They are very small. The fish move very little and breathe slowly. Missing a meal could be deadly, so the fish have interesting ways of getting and keeping food. Some species have jaws that unhinge to accept a larger fish. Some have backward-folding teeth to keep prey from escaping.
::在最深的海洋中,生存几乎是不可能的(图 ) 。 很难找到一顿饭,因此那里的鱼使用很少能量。 它们非常小。 鱼的移动很少,呼吸缓慢。 缺少一顿饭可能是致命的,因此鱼有获取和保存食物的有趣方法。 有些鱼的下巴无法接受更大的鱼。 有些鱼有后盖牙齿来防止猎物逃跑。An 1896 drawing of a deep sea angler fish with a bioluminescent “lure” to attract prey.
::1896年绘画深海角鱼,带有生物发光“lure”以吸引猎物。Hydrothermal Vents
::热热液文Hydrothermal vents are among the most unusual ecosystems on Earth. They are located at mid-ocean ridges where water is extremely hot. The food source for these ecosystems is chemosynthesis ( Figure ). This ecosystem is entirely separate from the photosynthesis at the surface. Shrimp, clams, fish, and giant tube worms have been found in these extreme places.
::热液喷口是地球上最不寻常的生态系统之一,位于洋中脊,水非常热,这些生态系统的食物来源是化学合成(图)。这一生态系统与地表的光合作用完全分开,在这些极端的地方发现了虾、蛤、鱼和巨型管虫。Giant tube worms are found at hydrothermal vents. They get food from the chemosynthetic bacteria that live within them. The bacteria provide food; the worms provide shelter.
::在热液喷口发现了巨型管虫,它们从生活在其中的化学合成细菌中获取食物,细菌提供食物,蠕虫提供栖息地。Summary
::摘要- Life in the intertidal is difficult, but there are many types of organisms there.
::潮间生活很困难,但那里有多种生物。
- There are few organisms that live in the deepest ocean. The ones that do have amazing adaptations to the exceptionally harsh conditions.
::生活在最深的海洋中的生物为数不多,它们确实对异常恶劣的条件有惊人的适应性。
- A hydrothermal vent ecosystem has chemosynthesis as its food source. The ecosystem is independent of photosynthesis at the surface.
::热液喷口生态系统以化学合成为食物来源,独立于表面的光合作用。
Review
::回顾- Why is there so much biodiversity in the intertidal zone?
::为什么潮间带有这么多生物多样性?
- Why is survival in the deep ocean difficult? To do this, what adaptations do organisms have?
::为什么深海的生存困难? 这样做,生物有什么样的适应?
- What is different about the hydrothermal vent ecosystem from a surface ocean ecosystem?
::热液喷口生态系统与地表海洋生态系统有何不同?
Explore More
::探索更多Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
::利用以下资源回答以下问题。- What is the intertidal zone?
::潮间地带是什么?
- What do organisms in an intertidal zone have to deal with each day?
::潮间带的生物体每天要对付什么?
- What is zonation?
::什么是区域化?
- What adaptation to the algae of the mid-tidal zone have to being exposed to air about half the day?
::在半天左右的时间内,对中潮带藻类的适应性如何才能接触到空气?
- How have some of the organisms in the intertidal zone adapted to life there?
::潮间带的一些生物 如何适应那里的生活?
- Why is the deep sea not well explored?
::为什么没有很好地探索深海?
- What is the epipelagic zone? Which organisms live there?
::上层区域是什么?
- What is the mesopelagic zone? Which organisms live there?
::中层区域是什么 哪些生物住在那里?
- What color are most of the animals in this zone and why?
::这个区域的大部分动物是什么颜色? 为什么?
- What is bioluminescence?
::什么是生物发光?
- What is the deep scattering layer?
::深散布层是什么?
- Life in the intertidal is difficult, but there are many types of organisms there.
