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  • General

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  • 人类进化

    Neanderthals painting on a cave wall with a figure holding a bowl.

     

    What is a "cave man"?
    ::什么叫"隐形人"?

    What if you were to wake up with a group of Neanderthals? They were close relatives to modern humans. Still you might find them to be a bit different from your usual friends.
    ::如果你和一群尼安德特人一起醒来呢?他们是现代人类的近亲。但你还是会发现他们与你平时的朋友有点不同。

    Human Evolution
    ::人类进化 人类进化 人类进化 人类进化 人类进化 人类进化 人类进化 人类进化 人类进化 人类进化 人类进化 人类进化

    Humans evolved during the later Cenozoic. New  fossil  discoveries continue to alter the details of what we know about human evolution. The major evolutionary events are well understood though.
    ::人类进化在后来的基因变异过程中。新的化石发现继续改变我们对人类进化的了解细节。虽然主要的进化事件是众所周知的。

    Primate Ancestors
    ::囚犯原始人

    Humans evolved from  primates , a group of mammals that includes lemurs, monkeys and  apes . Humans are part of the apes, but we did not evolve from  apes , which also include chimpanzees and gorillas. Apes and humans have a primate common ancestor. About 5 to 7 million years ago, chimpanzees (our closest living relatives) and humans shared their last common ancestor.
    ::人类起源于灵长类动物,该类哺乳动物包括狐猴、猴子和猿类。人类是猿类的一部分,但我们没有从猿类中演变,而猿类中也包括黑猩猩和大猩猩。猿类和人类有一个灵长类共同祖先。大约在500万到700万年前,黑猩猩(我们最亲近的活亲属)和人类分享了他们最后的共同祖先。

    Hominids
    ::人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人 人

    Animals of the genus,  Ardipithecus  lived roughly 4 to 6 million years ago. These animals had brains roughly the size of a female chimp. Although they lived in trees, they were bipedal. That is, they could stand on two feet. What are the advantages to being bipedal? An organism that can stand up can see farther. This is important if you live in a grassland. A bipedal organism uses its hands and arms for hunting.
    ::阿迪皮特克斯(Ardipithecus)的动物大约在四、六百万年前存活。这些动物的大脑与雌黑猩猩差不多大小。 虽然它们生活在树上,但它们是双足的。 也就是说, 它们可以双脚站立。 双脚的优势是什么? 一个能站得更远的有机体。 如果你生活在草原上, 这是很重要的。 一个双肢的有机体用它的手和手来狩猎。

    Another human ancestor,  Australopithecus afarensis  lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago ( Figure   ). These animals were completely bipedal. Their brains grew rapidly across the generations.
    ::另一个人类祖先,Australopithecus afalersis 生活在390万至290万年前(图 ) 。 这些动物是完全两栖的,他们的大脑在几代人之间迅速成长。

    Reconstruction of Australopithecus afarensis displaying a bipedal stance and human-like features.

     

    Australopithecus afarensis  is a human ancestor that lived about 3 million years ago.
    ::Australoptithecus afarensis是一个人类祖先, 生活在300万年前。

    Homo
    ::同性恋

    The genus  Homo , which has modern humans as its only living  species , appeared about 2.5 million years ago. These human-like primates developed the first stone tools.  Homo erectus  evolved in Africa about 1.8 million years ago. Fossils of these animals show a much more human-like body structure. This allowed them to travel long distances to hunt. Cultures began and evolved.
    ::以现代人类为唯一生物物种的同族人大约在250万年前出现。这些像人类一样的灵长类动物开发了第一批石器。 人类在180万年前在非洲进化了180万年前。 这些动物的化石显示出更像人的身体结构。 这使得它们能够长途跋涉去狩猎。 文化开始并进化。

    Homo sapiens
    ::智人

    Homo sapiens  is our species. We originated about 200,000 years ago in Africa. Evidence of a spiritual life appears about 32,000 years ago. The evidence includes stone figurines that probably have religious significance ( Figure   ).
    ::智人是我们的物种。我们大约20万年前在非洲诞生。 精神生命的证据大约在32 000年前出现。 证据包括可能具有宗教意义的石雕(图 ) 。

    Stone figurine showing a human figure with detailed hair and facial features.

     

    Stone figurines likely indicate a spiritual life.
    ::石雕可能代表着一种精神生活

    The  ice ages  allowed humans to migrate. During the ice ages,  water  was frozen in  . Land bridges such as the Bering Strait allowed humans to walk from the Old World to the New World.
    ::冰河时代允许人类迁徙,在冰河时代,水被冻结在冰河中,白令海峡等陆地桥梁允许人类从旧世界走向新世界。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Australopithecus afarensis  was completely bipedal and had a growing brain.
      ::Australoptithecus afarensis是完全两头双臂的, 并且有一个不断增长的大脑。
    • Homo erectus  evolved 1.8 million years ago. These organisms left behind signs of an early culture.
      ::这些生物留下了早期培养的征兆
    • Our species is  Homo sapiens . We evolved 200,000 years ago in Africa, and spread.
      ::我们的物种是智人。我们20万年前在非洲进化, 并传播。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Why is being bipedal a good thing?
      ::为什么双脚双脚是好事?
    1. What is the evidence that humans evolved from apes?
      ::人类从猿类进化出来的证据是什么?
    1. Why are the ice ages important for the spread of modern humans?
      ::为什么冰河时代对现代人类的传播很重要?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    1. What was Darwin's little heresy?
      ::什么是达尔文的小异教徒?
    1. What was "the missing link" thought to be?
      ::"缺失的环节"是什么?
    1. Why weren't the Neanderthal and Homo erectus fossils that were found thought to be the missing link?
      ::为什么尼安德特人和智人勃起的化石 不被认为是缺失的环节?
    1. What was the problem with the fossil evidence from Africa? What was found to be incorrect and why?
      ::非洲化石证据有什么问题?什么是错的,为什么?
    1. Why is it difficult to identify whether an apelike fossil is a direct human ancestor or not?
      ::为什么很难确定猿类化石是否是直接的人类祖先?
    1. List the traits that separate humans from apes.
      ::列出将人类和猿类区分开来的特点。
    1. Why did the DNA of humans and apes seem as if they did not share a common evolutionary ancestor? How was that resolved?
      ::为什么人类和猿类的DNA看起来 似乎没有共同的进化祖先呢?
    1. When was the last common ancestor between chimps and humans? When was the last between Neanderthal and humans?
      ::黑猩猩和人类之间的最后一个共同祖先是什么时候? 尼安德特人和人类之间的最后一个祖先是什么时候?
    1. What is the scientific evidence for the creation of humans by a deity?
      ::以神灵创造人类的科学证据是什么?