章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • 说服性文章

    Learning Objective
    ::学习目标

    • Organize arguments in a logical and persuasive order.
      ::按逻辑和有说服力的顺序组织辩论。
    • Provide appropriate support in the form of quotations, statistics, expert opinions, and commonly accepted facts
      ::以报价、统计、专家意见和公认事实的形式提供适当支持
    • Clarify the meaning and significance of the main arguments.
      ::澄清主要论点的含义和意义。
    • Identify and refute relevant counterpoints.
      ::查明并驳斥相关的反点。

    Introduction
    ::导言

    The main aim of a persuasive essay is to make an effective argument. Thus, persuasive essays are written as if the writer is attempting to convince his or her audience to adopt a new belief or behavior. While expository essays strive to explain or clarify a topic, persuasive papers take a stand on an issue. However, simply having an argument or opinion about a topic is not enough. In persuasive essays, writers must also support their opinions. Typically, persuasive essays support their arguments through the use of appropriate evidence, such as quotations, examples, expert opinions, or other facts. Nevertheless, simply having an opinion and supporting evidence is still not enough to write a strong persuasive essay. In addition to these two things, a writer must also have strong organization.
    ::具有说服力的论文的主要目的是提出有效的论据。因此,有说服力的论文是像作者试图说服其听众采取新的信仰或行为一样写成的。虽然有说服力的论文努力解释或澄清一个专题,但有说服力的论文却对一个问题持立场。然而,仅仅对一个专题有争论或意见是不够的。在有说服力的论文中,作者也必须支持他们的意见。一般而言,有说服力的论文通过使用适当的证据来支持他们的论点,例如引文、实例、专家意见或其他事实。然而,仅仅有意见和佐证证据还不足以写出有力的有说服力的论文。除了这两点之外,作者还必须有强有力的组织。

    Organization is the key to any well-developed essay. When composing your essay, think of its organization as a set of blocks balanced between two triangles (see Figure 1a). Each block represents the main arguments of your essay, while the two triangles stand for your introductory and concluding paragraphs respectively. Just as the top triangle comes to a point before leading into the blocks, your introductory paragraph should conclude with your thesis before your essay jumps to the supporting paragraphs. These supporting paragraphs, as the blocks suggest, should be full of information and logically solid. Just as the stability and balance of the shape rests on the solidity of the blocks, the stability of the argument of the essay rests on the success of the body paragraphs. Much like the introductory paragraph that precedes it, your concluding paragraph should restate your thesis statement and the main points of your essay, allowing your essay to end on a firm base.
    ::组织是任何完善的论文的关键。 在撰写您的文章时, 请将其组织视为两个三角之间平衡的一组区块( 见图1a) 。 每个区块代表您的文章的主要论点, 而两个三角块分别代表您介绍和结尾段落。 正如顶端三角块在进入各个区块之前到达某个点, 您的导言段落应该在您的文章跳到支持段落之前用您的论文来结束。 这些支持段落, 如块块所示, 应该充满信息, 在逻辑上是坚实的。 形状的稳定性和平衡取决于各个区块的坚固性, 文章的稳定性取决于正文段落的成功性。 与前面的导言段落一样, 您的结尾段落应该重述您的论文陈述和您论文的要点, 允许您的文章在坚实的基础上结束。

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    Representation of the organization of a persuasive essay.
    ::组织有说服力的论文。

    While it is important to understand the general organization of a persuasive essay, it is also essential to know the organization of each element or component of a persuasive essay. Below is chart that identifies the major components of each part of a persuasive essay. Keep in mind that these guidelines are not meant to hinder your voice as a writer but rather to strengthen your effectiveness as a writer. Though you may sometimes feel constricted by this organizational framework, it is essential to compose an essay that contains all of these parts in order to make a strong argument. Plus, once you get acquainted with how to organize a persuasive essay, you will be able to use your creative juices in the actual writing of the paper. Rather than focusing on where to put an idea, you can focus on how to express or explain, which makes your job as a writer easier and more exciting.
    ::虽然理解一份有说服力的论文的总的组织方式很重要,但了解一份有说服力的论文的每个部分或组成部分的组织方式也很重要。下面是一张图表,标明一份有说服力的论文的每个部分的主要组成部分。记住,这些指导方针的目的不是要妨碍你作为一个作家的声音,而是要增强你作为作家的效力。虽然你有时会感到受到这个组织框架的限制,但必须写一篇包含所有这些部分的论文,以便提出有力的论据。此外,一旦你了解如何组织一份有说服力的论文,你就可以在实际撰写论文时使用你的创造性的果汁。你不必专注于提出想法的地方,而是可以专注于如何表达或解释,这会使你作为一个作家的工作更加容易和刺激。

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    Introductory Paragraph:
    ::引言段:

    • Introduce the issue.
      ::提出这一问题。
    • Provide each of the arguments that will later appear in each body paragraph.
      ::提供以后将出现在每个机构段落中的每一项论点。
    • Refute any counterpoints to the argument.
      ::对论点的任何反点都作微调。
    • Provide the thesis statement.
      ::提供理论陈述。

    Body Paragraphs:
    ::机构段落:

    • Begin with a topic sentence that reflects the argument of the thesis statement.
      ::开始是反映论点陈述论点的专题句子。
    • Support the argument with useful and informative quotes from sources such as books, journal articles, etc.
      ::从书籍、杂志文章等来源引用有用和资料丰富的引文支持这一论点。
    • Provide 1-2 sentences explaining each quote.
      ::提供1-2个句子,解释每一引文。
    • Provide 1-3 sentences that indicate the significance of each quote.
      ::提供1-3句,说明每一引号的意义。
    • Ensure that the information in these paragraphs is important to the thesis statement.
      ::确保这些段落中的信息对理论陈述很重要。
    • End each paragraph with a transition sentence which leads into the next body paragraph.
      ::在每一段结尾处加上一段过渡句,进入下一段。

    Concluding Paragraph:
    ::结束段落:

    • Begin with a topic sentence that reflects the argument of the thesis statement.
      ::开始是反映论点陈述论点的专题句子。
    • Briefly summarize the main points of the paper.
      ::简要概述该文件的要点。
    • Provide a strong and effective close for the paper.
      ::为该文件提供有力和有效的贴近。

    Introductory Paragraphs

    A strong introductory paragraph is crucial to the development of an effective persuasive essay. Without an introductory paragraph that properly introduces both the topic  and  the writer’s argument, persuasive essays fail to convince the reader of the validity of the argument. Since the introductory paragraph contains the thesis statement, or the core argument and purpose of the essay, introductory paragraphs are essential to the overall success of the paper.
    ::强有力的导言段对于编写有效的有说服力的论文至关重要,如果没有适当介绍专题和作者论点的导言段,有说服力的论文无法使读者相信这一论点的有效性。 由于导言段包含理论陈述或论文的核心论点和目的,导言段对于文件的整体成功至关重要。

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    Introductory Paragraph:
    ::引言段:

    • Introduce the issue.
      ::提出这一问题。
    • Provide each of the arguments that will later appear in each body paragraph.
      ::提供以后将出现在每个机构段落中的每一项论点。
    • Refute any counterpoints to the argument.
      ::对论点的任何反点都作微调。
    • Provide the thesis statement.
      ::提供理论陈述。

    Since the success of the paper rests on the introductory paragraph, it is important to understand its essential components. Usually, persuasive papers fail to make a clear argument not because the writer’s ideas or opinions are wrong but rather because the argument is not properly explained in the introduction. One of the most important jobs of an introductory paragraph is that it introduces the topic or issue. Most arguments cannot be made without at least some background information. Thus, it is essential to provide a foundation for your topic before you begin explaining your argument. For instance, if you wanted to argue that the special effects in the movie  Avatar  are innovative, your introductory paragraph would first need to provide background information about movie special-effects. By doing so, you ensure that your audience is as informed about your topic as you are, and thus you make it easier for your audience to understand your argument.
    ::由于该文件的成功取决于导言段落,因此重要的是要理解其基本内容。通常,有说服力的论文未能提出明确的论点,原因不是作者的想法或观点是错误的,而是其论点在导言中没有得到恰当的解释。导言段落最重要的工作之一是介绍主题或问题。大多数论点不能在没有至少一些背景资料的情况下提出。因此,在开始解释你的论点之前,必须为你的主题提供一个基础。例如,如果你想争论电影《阿凡达》的特殊效果是创新的,那么,你的导言段落首先需要提供有关电影特效的背景资料。这样,你就能确保观众了解你现在的题目,从而使观众更容易理解你的论点。

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    Below is a table describing and explaining the main jobs of the introductory paragraph.
    ::下表说明和解释了导言段落的主要工作。

    Introductory paragraphs introduce the topic and suggest why it is important.
    ::介绍性段落介绍了这一专题,并说明了为什么它很重要。

    Example:   An analysis of the San José State University Writing Center survey answers reveal that a significant portion of tutees improved their writing skills, and this has correlated to an improvement on their essay scores .
    ::例如:对圣何塞州立大学写作中心调查答复的分析表明,相当一部分图提斯提高了他们的写作技能,这与论文成绩的提高有关。

    This sentence tells the reader both that the topic of the paper will be the benefits of the Writing Center and that the significance of these benefits is the improvement of essay scores.
    ::这一句既告诉读者,论文的主题将是书写中心的好处,这些好处的意义在于论文分数的提高。

    Introductory paragraphs outline the structure of the paper and highlight the main ideas.
    ::介绍性段落概述了文件的结构,并强调了主要想法。

    Example:   Considering the SAT average of high school juniors in California, it is apparent that schools are not addressing basic math skills such as fractions, percentages, and long division.
    ::实例:考虑到加利福尼亚州高中生的SAT平均数,学校显然没有解决诸如分数、百分比和长分数等基本数学技能问题。

    This sentence provides the main ideas of the essay and indicates the order in which they will be presented in the body paragraphs.
    ::本句提供了论文的主要思想,并指明了在正文段落中介绍这些思想的顺序。

    Introductory paragraphs state the thesis.
    ::介绍性段落陈述了论点。

    Example:   San José State University should require all students to enroll in Creative Writing courses in order to better prepare them for employment.
    ::例如:圣何塞州立大学应要求所有学生参加创造性写作课程,以便更好地为就业做好准备。

    This thesis statement indicates the argument of the paper.
    ::这一理论陈述表明了文件的论点。

    In addition to introducing the topic of your paper, your introductory paragraph also needs to introduce each of the arguments you will cover in your body paragraphs. By providing your audience with an idea of the points or arguments you will make later in your paper, your introductory paragraph serves as a guide map, not only for your audience but also for you. Including your main sub-points in your introduction not only allows your audience to understand where your essay is headed but also helps you as a writer remember how you want to organize your paper. This is especially helpful if you are not writing your essay in one sitting as it allows you to leave and return to your essay without forgetting all of the important points you wanted to make.
    ::除了介绍你的论文的主题外,你的介绍性段落还需要介绍你将在身体各段落中阐述的每一个论点。通过向听众介绍你将在论文后面提出的要点或论点,你的介绍性段落不仅为你的听众,而且为你们提供了指导性地图。在介绍性段落中包括你的主要分点不仅使听众能够了解你的论文的走向,而且帮助你作为作家记住你如何组织你的论文。如果你不坐在一席里写作,这样特别有用,因为这样你就可以离开和回到你的论文,而不会忘记你想要提出的所有要点。

    Another common, though often forgotten, component of an introductory paragraph is the refutation of counterpoints. In order for your argument to appear strong, and in order for your audience to know that you considered the points against your claim, it is essential to refute, or disprove, counterpoints, or arguments against your thesis, in your introductory paragraph. The most common error a writer faces when dealing with counterpoints is to not refute them. Sometimes, a writer forgets to show how the counterpoints are wrong and how his or her opinion or argument is correct. To avoid this error, consider using the sentence constructions in the chart below that help refute counterpoints. By using words such as while, although, yet, or however in compound sentences, you can be sure that you are properly refuting any counterpoints to your argument while support your own claims.
    ::虽然经常被遗忘,但导言段落的另一个常见部分是反驳对立观点。为了使你的论点显得有力,并使你的听众知道你对自己的主张考虑过这些观点,在你的导言段落中必须反驳或反驳反对立观点或反对你的论点的论点。作者在处理对立观点时面临的最常见错误是不要反驳这些观点。有时,作家忘记表明对立观点是如何错误的,以及他或她的观点或论点如何正确。为了避免这一错误,考虑使用下图中的句子结构来反驳对立观点。通过使用类似的话,尽管如此,或者在复合的句子中,你可以确定你是否恰当地驳斥了任何对立观点,同时支持自己的主张。

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    In the examples listed below,  X  is the counterargument and  Y  is the writer’s argument.
    ::在下文列举的例子中,X是反驳,Y是作者的论点。

    • While most people believe  X ,   Y  is true.
      ::虽然大多数人相信X,但Y是真实的。
    • Although people argue  X ,   Y  is correct.
      ::虽然人们辩论X,Y是正确的。
    • This expert claims  X , yet this expert in the same field argues  Y .
      ::这名专家称X, 然而这位同一领域的专家却认为Y.
    • This book says  X ; however, this book indicates that  Y  is true.
      ::这本书写着X; 但是,这本书表明Y是真的。

    There are also some important dos and don’ts when it comes to writing introductory paragraphs. It is crucial when writing your persuasive paper to avoid apologizing or using sweeping generalizations since both undermine your argument. If you continue to apologize in your paper, you make your argument seem weak, and thus your audience is unconvinced. Likewise, if you base your argument on a generalization or stereotype, something which your audience will likely disagree with, your entire argument will lose credit or validity. Also, it is important not to rely to heavily on dictionary definitions, especially in your thesis. A thesis must be composed of a fact and an opinion. Thus, if you base your argument on a definition, which is an irrefutable fact, your thesis is no longer an opinion but a truth.
    ::在撰写介绍性段落时,也有一些重要的节奏和不节奏。在撰写你的有说服力的论文时,避免道歉或使用笼统的概括性至关重要,因为两者都破坏了你的论点。如果你继续用纸张道歉,你的论点就显得软弱,因此你的听众无法相信。同样,如果你把论点建立在一般化或刻板印象上,而你的听众可能不同意这一点,那么你的整个论点就会失去信誉或有效性。此外,重要的是不要严重依赖字典定义,特别是你的论文中的定义。 论文必须包含事实和意见。 因此,如果你把论点建立在定义上,这是一个无可辩驳的事实,那么你的理论就不再是一种意见,而是一个真理。

    Things to always do Things to never do
    • Capture the interest of your reader.
      ::获取读者的兴趣。
    • Introduce the issue to the reader.
      ::向读者介绍这个问题。
    • State the problem simply.
      ::国家的问题很简单。
    • Write in an intelligible, concise manner.
      ::写得简单明了 简洁明了
    • Refute any counterpoints.
      ::微调任何对应点 。
    • State the thesis, preferably in one arguable statement.
      ::国家论文,最好是在一项可论证的声明中。
    • Provide each of the arguments that will be presented in each of the body paragraphs.
      ::提供每个主体段落中将提出的每一论点。
    • Apologize: Do not suggest that you are unfamiliar with the topic.
      ::道歉:不要暗示你对这个专题不熟悉。

    Example:  “ I cannot be certain, but... ”
    ::示例:“我不能肯定,但......”

    • Use sweeping generalizations.
      ::使用全方位的概括。

    Example:  “ All men like football... ”
    ::例如:“所有男人都喜欢足球......”。

    • Use a dictionary definition.
      ::使用字典定义 。

    Example:  “ According to the dictionary, a humble person is... ”
    ::例如:“根据字典,谦卑的人是......”。

    • Announce your intentions: Do not directly state what you will be writing about.
      ::宣布你的意图:不要直接声明你将要写什么。

    Example:  “ In the paper I will... ”
    ::示例:“在文件中,我将......”

    Most importantly, when writing an introductory paragraph, it is essential to remember that you must capture the interest of your reader. Thus, it is your job as the writer to make the introduction entertaining or intriguing. In order to do so, consider using a hook, or a quotation, a surprising or interesting fact, an anecdote, or a humorous story. While the quotation, story, or fact you include must be relevant to your paper, placing one of these at the beginning of your introduction helps you not only capture the attention or the reader but also introduce your topic and argument, making your introduction interesting to your audience and useful for your argument and essay. However, after using a hook, you must transition from the quote, fact, or story that used into the main topic of your paper. Often, writers include interesting hooks that they do not connect to their topic or argument. In these instances, the hook detracts from rather than supports the introductory paragraph.
    ::最重要的是,在撰写导言段落时,必须记住您必须抓住读者的兴趣。 因此,您作为作者的职责是使介绍变得有趣或有趣。 为了做到这一点,您应该考虑使用钩子或引语、一个令人惊讶或有趣的事实、一个故事或一个幽默的故事。 您所包括的引文、故事或事实必须与您的论文相关, 在您介绍的开头放置其中的一条不仅有助于您获取关注或读者的注意力,而且有助于您介绍主题和论点,使您的介绍对您的观众很有意思,并且对您的论述和论文有用。然而,在使用钩子之后,您必须从引文、事实或故事转换到您论文的主要主题。通常,作者包括一些有趣的钩子,它们与自己的话题或争论无关。在这些情况下,钩子会减少而不是支持介绍性段落。

    Body Paragraphs

    In a persuasive essay the body paragraphs are where the writer has the opportunity to argue his or her viewpoint. By the conclusion paragraph, the writer should convince the reader to agree with the argument of the essay. Regardless of a strong thesis, papers with weak body paragraphs fail to explain why the argument of the essay is both true and important. Body paragraphs of a persuasive essay are weak when no quotes or facts are used to support the thesis or when those used are not adequately explained. Occasionally, body paragraphs are also weak because the quotes used detract from rather than support the essay. Thus, it is essential to use appropriate support and to adequately explain your support within your body paragraphs.
    ::在一份有说服力的论文中,正文段落是作者有机会就其观点进行争论的地方;在结论段落中,作者应说服读者同意该文章的论点。尽管有强有力的论据,但单文中带有软弱的段落却无法解释为什么该文章的论点既真实又重要。当没有引用任何引文或事实来支持该论文或没有适当解释所使用的内容时,具有说服力的论文的正文段落是软弱的。有时,正文段落也很弱,因为所使用的引文偏离而不是支持该论文。因此,必须利用适当的支持,并在您所在段落中充分解释您的支持。

    In order to create a body paragraph that is properly supported and explained, it is important to understand the components that make up a strong body paragraph. The bullet points below indicate the essential components of a well-written, well-argued body paragraph.
    ::为了建立一个得到适当支持和解释的主体段落,必须理解构成强有力的主体段落的各个组成部分,下面的圆点表示写得清楚、理由充足的主体段落的基本组成部分。

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    Body Paragraph Components
    ::正文段落组成

    • Begin with a topic sentence that reflects the argument of the thesis statement.
      ::开始是反映论点陈述论点的专题句子。
    • Support the argument with useful and informative quotes from sources such as books, journal articles, expert opinions, etc.
      ::以书籍、期刊文章、专家意见等来源的有用和资料丰富的引文支持这一论点。
    • Provide 1-2 sentences explaining each quote.
      ::提供1-2个句子,解释每一引文。
    • Provide 1-3 sentences that indicate the significance of each quote.
      ::提供1-3句,说明每一引号的意义。
    • Ensure that the information provided is relevant to the thesis statement.
      ::确保所提供的资料与理论陈述相关。
    • End with a transition sentence which leads into the next body paragraph.
      ::结尾处为过渡句,可进入下个正文段落。

    Just as your introduction must introduce the topic of your essay, the first sentence of a body paragraph must introduce the argument for that paragraph. For instance, if you were writing a body paragraph for a paper arguing that  Avatar  is innovative in its use of special effects, one body paragraph may begin with a topic sentence that states, “ Avatar  has produced the most life-like animated characters of any movie ever created.” Following this sentence, you would go on to indicate how the movie does this by supporting this one statement. When you place this statement as the opening of your paragraph, not only does your audience know what the paragraph is going to argue, but you can also keep track of your ideas.
    ::正如你的介绍必须介绍你论文的主题,正文段落第一句必须介绍该段的论点。例如,如果您为一份文件撰写正文段落,声称阿凡达在使用特殊效果方面是创新的,则正文段落可以首先写出一个主题句子,指出“阿凡达制作了任何电影中最像生命的动画人物。” 在这一句之后,您将继续通过支持这一句来表明电影是如何做到这一点的。当你将这一语句作为您段落的开头时,您的听众不仅知道该段落将提出什么论点,而且还可以跟踪您的想法。

    Following the topic sentence, you must provide some sort of fact that supports your claim. In the example of the  Avatar  essay, maybe you would provide a quote from a movie critic or from a prominent special effects person. After your quote or fact, you must always explain what the quote or fact is saying, stressing what you believe is most important about your fact. It is important to remember that your audience may read a quote and decide it is arguing something entirely different than what you think it is arguing. Or, maybe some or your readers think another aspect of your quote is important. If you do not explain the quote and indicate what portion of it is relevant to your argument, then your reader may become confused or may be unconvinced of your point. Consider the possible interpretations for the statement below.
    ::主题句之后, 您必须提供某种支持您主张的事实。 在 Avatar 文章的例子中, 您也许可以提供来自电影评论家或著名特效人物的报价。 在您引用或事实之后, 您必须总是解释引用或事实中的内容, 强调您认为对事实最重要的内容 。 重要的是要记住, 您的读者可以阅读引用, 并且决定它所争论的内容与您所争论的内容完全不同 。 或者, 也许某些读者或您的读者认为您引用的另一个方面很重要 。 如果您不解释该引用, 并指明其中哪些部分与您的论点相关, 那么您的读者可能会变得困惑或者无法确信您的观点 。 想想下面对声明的可能解释 。

    Example:  While I did not like the acting in the movie, I enjoyed how life-like the special effects made the animated characters in the film. Without the special effects, the acting would have been boring and the plot would have been unoriginal.
    ::举例说:虽然我不喜欢电影中的表演,但我享受着电影中特别效果像生活一样的人物的动画。 没有特别效果,剧本会无聊,情节会毫无原创性。 如果没有特别效果,剧本就会无趣,剧本会变得毫无原创性。

    Interestingly, this statement seems to be saying two things at once - that the movie is bad and that the movie is good. On the one hand, the person seems to say that the acting and plot of the movie were both bad. However, on the other hand, the person also says that the special effects more than make up for the bad acting and unoriginal plot. Because of this tension in the quotation, if you used this quote in your  Avatar  paper, you would need to explain that the special effects in the movie are so good that they make boring movie exciting.
    ::有趣的是,这一声明似乎同时说两件事 — — 电影是坏的,电影是好的。一方面,他似乎说电影的表演和情节都是坏的。另一方面,他还说,特别的效果不仅仅是对不良表演和原创情节的补偿。由于引文中的这种紧张,如果你在阿凡达的论文中使用了这段引文,你需要解释一下电影的特殊效果是如此好,以至于使电影变得令人厌烦,令人兴奋。

    In addition to explaining what this quote is saying, you would also need to indicate why this is important to your argument. When trying to indicate the significance of a fact, it is essential to try to answer the “so what.” Image you have just finished explaining your quote to someone, and he or she has asked you “so what?” The person does not understand why you have explained this quote, not because you have not explained the quote well but because you have not told him or her why he or she needs to know what the quote means. This, the answer to the “so what,” is the significance of your paper and is essentially your argument within the body paragraphs. However, it is important to remember that generally a body paragraph will contain more than one quotation or piece of support. Thus, you must repeat the Quotation-Explanation-Significance formula several times within your body paragraph to argue the one sub-point indicated in your topic sentence. Below is an example of a properly written body paragraph.
    ::除了解释这段引文所说的话之外,你还需要指出为什么这对你的论点很重要。在试图指出一个事实的意义时,必须尝试回答“什么 ” 。 您刚刚向某人解释你所引用的图像, 而他或她也问了你“什么 ” 。 这个人不理解你为何解释这段引文,原因不在于您没有很好地解释引文,而在于您没有告诉他或她为什么需要知道引文的含义。 “这样,什么”的答案就是您纸的意义,而基本上是您在正文段落中的论点。然而,重要的是记住一个正文段落通常会包含不止一个引文或支持部分。因此,您必须在您主文段落中多次重复“引文-Explanation-Signation-Signation”公式,以论证您主题句中所说的一个子点。下面是正文段落的一个例子。

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    An example of a persuasive body paragraph paired with an explanation of its parts.
    ::例如,有说服力的正文段落加上了对其部分的解释。

    Conclusion Paragraph

    The conclusion paragraph of an argumentative essay is an author’s last chance to create a good impression. Hence, it is important to restate the thesis statement at the beginning of the paragraph in order to remind the reader of your argument. Since it is at the end of the paper, the conclusion paragraph also should add a sense of closure and finality to the argument of the paper. It is important to re-emphasize the main idea without being repetitive or introducing an entirely new idea or subtopic. While you can end your conclusion paragraph by suggesting a topic for further research or investigation, do not make this question the focus of the paragraph. Thus, you should briefly and concisely reiterate the strongest arguments of the paper, reminding the reader of the validity of the thesis and bringing closure to your paper.
    ::论论论论文的结论段落是作者创造良好印象的最后一次机会,因此,必须在该段开头重述论点,以提醒读者注意你的论点;既然是在文件结尾,结论段落也应为论文的论点增添一种结束和终结感;必须再次强调主要思想,而不要重复或提出一个全新的想法或分专题;在结束结论段落时,你可以提出一个供进一步研究或调查的专题,但不要将这个问题作为该段的重点;因此,你应简要扼要地重申该文件最有力的论点,提醒读者注意论点的有效性,并结束你的论文。

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    Concluding Paragraph:
    ::结束段落:

    • Begin with a topic sentence that reflects the argument of the thesis statement.
      ::开始是反映论点陈述论点的专题句子。
    • Briefly summarize the main points of the paper.
      ::简要概述该文件的要点。
    • Provide a strong and effective close for the paper.
      ::为该文件提供有力和有效的贴近。
    Things to always do Things to never do
    • Stress the importance of the thesis.
      ::强调论文的重要性。
    • Rework your introduction or thesis statement.
      ::重新整理你的介绍或论文陈述
    • Include a brief summary of the main idea.
      ::包括主要构想的简要摘要。
    • Use overused phrases.
      ::使用过量使用的短语 。
    • Be concise.
      ::简明扼要。
    • Example:  “ In summary...”  or  “In conclusion...”
      ::示例:“摘要......”或“结论......”
    • Provide a sense of closure.
      ::提供一种结束感。
    • Announce what you have written in the body of the essay
      ::宣布你写在文章中的东西
    • Example:  “ In this paper I have emphasized the importance of... ”
      ::例如:“在本文件中,我强调了......的重要性”。
    • Apologize
      ::道歉
    • Example:  “ Although I do not have all the answers... ”
      ::例:“虽然我没有所有的答案......”
    • Make absolute claims.
      ::提出绝对要求。
    • Example:  “ This proves that the government should... ”
      ::例如:“这证明政府应该......”

    You may feel that the conclusion paragraph is redundant or unnecessary; however, do not forget that this is your last chance to explain the significance of your argument to your audience. Just as your body paragraphs strive to present the significance of each fact or quote you use, your conclusion paragraph should sum up the significance of your argument. Thus, you should consider making a bold statement in your concluding paragraph by evoking a vivid image, suggesting results or consequences related to your argument, or ending with a warning. Through using these components, you not only make your conclusion paragraph more exciting, but you also make your essay, and your argument, more important.
    ::你可能觉得结论段落是多余的或不必要的; 但是, 请不要忘记这是你最后一次有机会向观众解释你的论点的意义。 正如你的身体段落努力展示你所使用的每个事实或引用的每个事实或引用的意义, 你的结论段落应该总结你的论点的意义。 因此, 你应该考虑在结论段落中大胆地发言, 以生动的图像, 提出与你的论点有关的结果或后果, 或者以警告结束。 通过使用这些内容, 你不仅使结论段落更加令人兴奋, 而且你还要使你的论文和论点更加重要。

    Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

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    1. What are three of the main purposes of an introductory paragraph?
      ::导言段落的三个主要目的是什么?
    2. What should you never do in an introductory paragraph?
      ::在介绍性段落中,你永远不应该做什么?
    3. How should you refute counterpoints?
      ::你应如何反驳反点?
    4. What is the formula for a well-argued body paragraph?
      ::有充分论据的身体段落的公式是什么?
    5. What should you include in a conclusion paragraph? What should never include in a conclusion paragraph?
      ::在结论段落中应列入哪些内容?在结论段落中绝不应列入哪些内容?

    Points to Consider
    ::需要考虑的要点

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    1. Write a persuasive paper arguing for or against a community service requirement that high school students must fulfill in order to graduate. If you are arguing for the requirement, be sure to specify what the requirement entails (i. e. how many hours or where it needs to be completed) in addition to supporting the use of the requirement. If you are arguing against the requirement, be sure to address counterpoints in addition to supporting your claims fully.
      ::撰写一份有说服力的文件,主张或反对高中学生为毕业而必须满足的社区服务要求。如果您是提出这一要求的,除了支持使用这一要求外,请具体说明要求意味着什么(即需要多少小时或在哪里完成),如果您反对这一要求,除了充分支持你的要求外,还要肯定地解决对立点。
    2. Write a persuasive paper about the impact of media (such as video games, television, movies, or magazines) on high school aged (15-18) and junior high school aged (12-14) children. Should parents regulate both age groups’ access to these forms of media? Or, should only one group be monitored? If so, which? Do video games, television, magazines, etc affect one group more than the other? Use specific examples to support your ideas.
      ::写一篇关于媒体(例如电子游戏、电视、电影或杂志)对15至18岁高中和12至14岁初中儿童的影响的有说服力的论文。 父母应该管理两个年龄组获得这些媒体形式的机会吗? 或者,应该只监督一个群体?如果是的话,应该监督哪个群体? 视频游戏、电视、杂志等对一个群体的影响比其他群体更大吗? 使用具体的例子来支持你的想法。