Section outline

  • General

    Collapse all Expand all

  • 词性

    Lesson Objectives
    ::经验教训目标

    • Identify the basic parts of speech: noun, adjective, verb, and adverb.
      ::确定演讲的基本部分:名词、形容词、动词和副词。
    • Distinguish between words and phrases.
      ::区分文字和短语。
    • Distinguish between the form and the function of a word or phrase.
      ::区分一个词或短语的形式和功能。

    Basic Parts of Speech

    Parts of speech are the basic words that make up phrases, clauses and sentences. The four basic parts of speech—nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs—make up over 95% of all words in the English language.
    ::语言的部分是构成短语、条款和句子的基本词语。 语言的四个基本部分 — — 名词、形容词、动词和副词 — — 占英语所有词的95%以上。

    lesson content

    For definitions and examples of  phrases  and  clauses , see Chapter 12, lessons 1 and 2.
    ::关于用语和条款的定义和实例,见第12章,经验教训1和2。

    Noun
    ::名词

    We traditionally define a noun as any word that represents a person, place, or thing. However, nouns often do not function on their own; they work with attendant  determiners  and  adjectives  to form  noun phrases . We can also distinguish further between abstract nouns and  proper nouns , those that represent a specific person, historical event, or other name. Proper nouns are always capitalized.
    ::我们传统上将名词定义为任何代表个人、地方或事物的词。 但是,名词往往不自动发挥作用;他们与随同的确定者和形容词一起工作,形成名词词。 我们还可以进一步区分抽象名词和适当的名词,即代表特定个人、历史事件或其他名字的名词。真正的名词总是被资本化的。

    Example 1  - Mary jogged.
    ::例1 - 玛丽慢跑。

    “Mary” is a  proper noun  that functions as the subject of the sentence.
    ::“Maly”是一个适当的名词,作为该句的主题。

    Example 2  - That tall woman jogged.
    ::例2 - 那个高大的女人慢跑。

    “Woman” is a noun, but the word also has the  determiner  “that” and the adjective “tall” preceding it. All three words working together make up the  noun phrase  that functions as the subject of the sentence.
    ::“妇女”是一个名词,但这个词也有确定者“那个”和前面的形容词“全部”。 所有三个词一起工作组成了作为该句主题的名词短语。

    Adjective
    ::形容词

    Adjectives modify or describe nouns. Many adjectives have characteristic endings such as – ous  ( delicious ), - ish  ( waspish ), - ful  ( beautiful ), and – ary  ( wary ). You can modify adjectives using  qualifiers  ( very, extremely ) and comparative words ( more, most, less, least ). Just as with nouns, adjectives and attendant modifiers form  adjective phrases .
    ::形容词可以修改或描述名词。 许多形容词有典型的结尾,比如 — — (美味 ) 、 —(甜 ) 、 —(甜 ) 、(甜 ) 、(美 ) 和 —(谨慎 ) 。 您可以使用限定词(非常、极端)和比较词(多、多、少、少)来修改形容词。 就像名词、形容词和随之而来的修饰词一样。

    Examples 1  - I need to find an affordable car.
    ::例1-我需要找到买得起的汽车。

    The adjective “affordable” is modifying the noun “car.”
    ::“负担得起的”形容词正在修改名词“汽车”。

    Example 2  - Ms. Chu needs to find a more reliable car.
    ::例2 - 朱女士需要找到一辆更可靠的汽车。

    Here the adjective “reliable” is preceded by the comparative word “more.” Both of these words make up the  adjective phrase  modifying the noun “car.”
    ::这里的形容词“可靠”前面是比较词“更多”。 这两个词构成修改名词“car”的形容词。

    Verb
    ::动数

    Verbs are defined as action words, but may also introduce states or descriptions. They are often marked by  auxiliaries  ( will, shall ). A verb and its attendant auxiliaries make up a  verb phrase . All verbs require a  subject , which in most consists of who or what is conducting the action. Often in sentences that command or suggest to listener, the subject “you” will be omitted. Many verbs require an  object  (who or what is receiving the action).
    ::动词被定义为动作词, 但也可以引入状态或描述。 动词及其伴随的辅助词通常以辅助词为标志( 意愿 ) 。 动词及其伴随的辅助词组成动词句。 所有动词都要求一个主题, 主体大多由谁或什么人实施行动组成。 通常在命令或建议听众的句子中, 主题“ 你” 将被省略。 许多动词需要对象( 是谁或什么接受动作 ) 。

    Example 1  - Robert dropped the ball during the final seconds of the game.
    ::例1 - 罗伯特在比赛最后几秒钟 投下了球

    The verb of this sentence is “dropped.” The subject of the verb is the noun “Robert” and the object is the noun “ball.”
    ::本句的动词是“删除 ” 。 动词的主题是名词“罗伯特 ” , 对象是名词“球 ” 。

    Example 2  - Go to my office and fetch my keys.
    ::例2 -- -- 到我办公室去拿我的钥匙。

    The subject of these verbs is the implied “you,” which is omitted in commands or requests.
    ::这些动词的主题是暗含的“你”,在命令或请求中被省略。

    Example 3  - I could finish my essay by eight o’clock tonight.
    ::例3:我可以在今晚八点之前完成我的论文。

    The verb “finished” is attended by the  auxiliary  “could.” Both words make up the verb phrase.
    ::“完成的”动词由辅助词“可以”组成。 这两个词组成动词短语。

    lesson content

    Here is a list of  auxiliaries  that can attend a verb.  Must  and  Ought to  have no past form. Auxiliaries are defined as part of the verb, not as a separate adverb.
    ::这是一份可以使用动词的辅助词列表。 辅助词必须和 Ouht 一样没有过去的形式。 辅助词被定义为动词的一部分, 而不是单独的副词 。

    P r e s e n t P a s t Will Would Shall Should Can Could May Might Must Ought to
    ::5月5日可能发生

    Adverb
    ::副词

    Adverbs act as modifiers of verbs, describing their time, place, reason, or manner. Like adjectives, adverbs can be qualified ( very, quite ). Many (but not all) adverbs end with – ly  ( slowly, apparently, strangely ).
    ::副词扮演动词的修改者的角色,描述他们的时间、地点、理由或方式。 和形容词一样,动词也可以被定性(非常,相当 ) 。 许多(但并非所有)副词都以 — — 完全 — — 结束(显然,奇怪的是 ) 。

    Example 1  - Pierre quickly ran through the main points of his argument.
    ::例1-Pierre很快翻阅了他的论点的要点。

    The adverb “quickly” is modifying the verb “ran.”
    ::“快速”动词正在修改动词“ran”。

    Example 2  - She threw down the gauntlet quite suddenly.
    ::例2 - 她突然放弃了战役

    The adverb “suddenly” is being qualified by the word “quite.” This  adverb phrase  modifies the verb “threw.”
    ::用“equite”一词来限定“sudden ”这一同义词。 这一同义词对动词“threw”作了修改。

    Form Versus Function

    In Lesson 1, we defined the different parts of speech by their form; we looked at the basic meaning of words while ignoring how they might be working within a sentence. However, in order to understand how the parts of speech work grammatically in sentences, we must use a functional terminology.
    ::在第一课中,我们以语言的形式定义了语言的不同部分;我们审视了语言的基本含义,却忽视了语言在句子中的作用。 但是,为了理解语言语法工作在句子中的语法,我们必须使用功能术语。

    lesson content

    Remember,  form  refers to the part of speech of a word as it is defined, while  function  refers to how the word works in a sentence. The form of a word is static, whereas its function might change from sentence to sentence.
    ::记住, 窗体指一个单词的表达部分, 按其定义, 函数指词在句子中如何工作 。 单词的形式是静态的, 而其函数可能会从句子改为句子 。

    Example 1  - Eating an apple a day can keep the doctor away, or so they say.
    ::例1 -- -- 每天吃苹果可以让医生离开,或者他们说的。

    In this sentence, the word “eating,” which is formally defined as a verb, functions nominally (as if it were a noun) because it is the  subject  of the sentence.
    ::在本句中,“食用”一词被正式定义为动词,名义上功能(好象是名词),因为它是该句的主题。

    Example 2  - Is this the picture of Jose’s mother?
    ::例2 - 这是Jose的母亲的照片吗?

    By making “Jose” (formally a proper noun) possessive, we are using it as a modifier to describe whose mother we are talking about. Therefore, it is functioning adjectivally.
    ::通过使“Jose”(正式的名词)占有性强,我们用它来形容我们谈论的母亲是谁,因此,它的功能是直截了当的。

    Example 3  - Her truck, a red Chevy, was parked around the back of the house.
    ::例3 - 她的卡车,一辆红色雪佛兰车,停在房子后面。

    Here we are using the noun phrase adjectivally to describe the noun “truck.”
    ::我们在此使用名词“truck”形容名词“truck”。

    Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

    lesson content

    Identify the nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs in each sentence. Remember that any part of speech can come in the form of a phrase as well, so make sure to mark the entire phrase.
    ::识别每个句子中的名词、 形容词、 动词和对应词。 请记住, 任何部分的演讲也可以以短语的形式出现, 请务必标出整个短语 。

    1. Should I take that plastic bottle out of the fridge?
      ::我应该把冰箱里的塑料瓶拿出来吗?
    2. Mr. Gonzalez quickly reprimanded the student for using his cell phone in class.
      ::Gonzalez先生很快谴责了学生在课堂上使用手机。
    3. Interestingly, there was a strange inscription on the bottom of the clay pot.
      ::有趣的是,在粘土锅底部有一个奇怪的刻文。
    4. During the weekends, she volunteers at the local homeless shelter.
      ::周末,她在当地无家可归者收容所当志愿者。
    5. The balcony collapsed because of a poorly manufactured steel I-beam.
      ::阳台倒塌是因为钢铁I光束制造不良。