Section outline

  • General

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  • 动词和句式

    Lesson Objectives
    ::经验教训目标

    • Distinguish between the subject, verb, direct object and indirect object of a sentence.
      ::区分一个句子的主题、动词、直接目标和间接目标。
    • Identify  be  verbs.
      ::识别是动词 。
    • Identify linking verbs.
      ::识别连接动词 。
    • Identify intransitive verbs.
      ::识别不及物动词。。
    • Identify transitive verbs.
      ::识别及物动词。。

    To Be

    When a form of be ( am, is, are, was, were ) serves as the main verb of a sentence, an adverbial of time or place, an adjectival, or a noun phrase will follow it. The following are the three sentence patterns that occur with the  be  verb:
    ::当一种形式是(am, 即曾经是)作为一个句子的主要动词、一个时间或地点的定律、一个形容词或一个名词句之后,将随之而来。

    For definitions and examples of the  adverb, adjective,  and  noun phrase,  see Chapter 11.
    ::关于对应词、形容词和名词等的定义和实例,见第11章。

    1. (subject)+( be  verb)+(adverbial of time or place)
    ::1. (主题)+(be verb)+(时间或地点的确定性)

    Subject Be Adverbial of time or place
    The children Were Upstairs
    The meeting Is Tomorrow
    The nutmeg Is On the shelf

    lesson content

    Prepositional phrases  often take the form of adverbials, as seen in the third example. For a definition and examples of prepositional phrases, see Chapter 12, Lesson 2.
    ::如第三个例子所示,前置短语往往采取对立短语的形式,关于前置短语的定义和实例,见第12章,第2课。

    2. (subject)+( be  verb)+(subject complement [adjective])
    ::2. (主题)+(be verb)+(主题补充[目标])

    Subject Be Subject complement [adj.]
    The children Were Excited
    The meeting Is Boring
    Jacob Is In a bad mood

    lesson content

    Sometimes a  prepositional phrase,  in the form of an idiomatic expression, will fill the role of subject complement, as seen in the third example
    ::如第三个例子所示,有时以单词表达形式出现的预先定位短语将填补主题补充的作用。

    3. (subject)+( be  verb)+(subject complement [noun phrase])
    ::3. (主题)+(be verb)+(主题补充[名词 )

    Subject Be Subject complement [NP]
    The children Were Angels
    The meeting Will be A success

    Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

    lesson content

    Identify the subject and  be  verb of each sentence—as well as the adverbial, subject complement [adj.], or subject complement [noun phrase].
    ::确定每一句的主题和动词——以及定律、主题补充[adj.]或主题补充[名词句]。

    1. My neighbor is uncommonly thrifty.
      ::我的邻居很节俭
    2. The Oldsmobile was on its last legs
      ::奥尔兹汽车在最后的腿上
    3. Celia is the CEO of a large multinational corporation.
      ::Celia是一家大型跨国公司的首席执行官。
    4. The last performance of  Death of a Salesman  was on Friday.
      ::《一个销售员的死亡》的最后一场表演是在星期五。
    5. The plumber will be here soon.
      ::水管工马上就到了

    Linking

    We define linking verbs as all verbs (other than  be ) that are completed by a subject complement—an adjectival or a noun phrase that describes or identifies the subject. Subject complements describe or redefine the subject. Common linking verbs include  seem, look, smell, sound,  and  become .
    ::我们将连接动词定义为由主题补充完成的所有动词(而非任何动词)——一个形容词或描述或识别主题的名词短语;主题补充描述或重新定义主题;共同连接动词包括外观、外观、嗅觉、声音和成形。

    1. (subject)+(linking verb)+(subject complement [NP or adj.])
    ::1. (主题)++(链接动词)+(主题补充[NP或adj.])

    Subject Linking Verb Subject Complement [NP or adj.]
    The children Became Restless
    The soup Smells Delicious
    Marcel Looks Like a businessman

    lesson content

    Noun phrases that act as subject complements are often preceded by the preposition “like,” as seen in the third example.
    ::如第三个例子所示,作为主题补充的名词句通常在前面加上“类似”的序言。

    Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

    lesson content

    Identify the subject, linking verb, and subject complement (noun phrase or adjective) of each sentence.
    ::确定每一句的主题、连接动词和主题补充(名词或形容词)。

    1. The taxi driver seemed like a nice man.
      ::出租车司机看起来是个好人
    2. The inside of the bakery smells delicious.
      ::面包店里面闻起来很香
    3. On that day, Francis became a criminal.
      ::那天,弗朗西斯成了罪犯
    4. It sounds like a good idea!
      ::听起来是个好主意!
    5. Ms. Yeziersky became a schoolteacher.
      ::Yeziersky女士成为一名教师。

    Intransitive

    An intransitive verb has no complement (noun phrase or adjectival). Though an intransitive verb requires nothing more than a subject, it is often accompanied by adverbial information. In fact, a handful of intransitive verbs, such as  reside, sneak,  and  glance,  require an adverbial of place in order to be complete.
    ::不及物动词没有补充(名词或形容词 ) 。 虽然一个不及物动词只需要一个主题,但它往往伴有定律信息。 事实上,一小撮不及物动词(如居住、偷窥和目光)需要固定地点才能完整。

    1. (subject)+(intransitive verb)
    ::1. (主题)+(不及物动词)

    Subject Intransitive
    The children Wept
    My dog Sleeps

    2. (subject)+(intransitive verb)+(optional adverbial)
    ::2. (主题)+(不及物动词)+(可选择的对立)

    Subject Intransitive Optional adverbial
    The children Played On the jungle gym
    The meeting Concluded Without a hitch
    My dog Snores Loudly

    Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

    lesson content

    Identify the subject, intransitive verb, and optional adverbial (if present) of each sentence.
    ::确定每一句的主题、临时动词和任择定律(如果有的话)。

    1. We went to the bowling alley on Friday.
      ::我们周五去了保龄球馆
    2. Mr. Billingsworth laughed at the antics of the class clown.
      ::比林斯沃斯先生嘲笑了班级小丑的恶作剧
    3. The ambassadors from Albania arrived.
      ::来自阿尔巴尼亚的大使抵达。
    4. Rosa walked to the park.
      ::罗莎走进公园
    5. The party of boy scouts rested.
      ::童子军的聚会休息。

    Transitive

    All transitive verbs have a subject and take one or more complements. Furthermore, all transitive verbs have one complement in common—the  direct object,  which receives the action of the verb.
    ::所有及物动词都有一个主题,并有一个或一个以上补充,此外,所有及物动词有一个共同的补充,即直接对象,接受动词的动作。

    1. (subject)+(transitive verb)+(direct object [NP])
    ::1. (主题)+(及物动词)+(直接对象[NP])

    Subject Transitive Direct object [NP]
    The children Kicked The ball
    My dog Chews The furniture
    The professor Answered The question

    The second transitive-verb pattern includes a second complement, the  indirect object.  We traditionally define the indirect object as the recipient of the direct object.
    ::第二个及物动词模式包括第二个补充,即间接物体。我们传统上将间接物体定义为直接物体的接受者。

    2. (subject)+(transitive verb)+(direct object [NP])+(indirect object [NP])
    ::2. (主题)++(及物动词)+(直接对象[NP])+(间接对象[NP])+(间接对象[NP])

    Subject Transitive Indirect object [NP] Direct object [NP]
    The students Bought Their teacher A present
    My dog Brought Me The tennis ball
    The professor Called Himself A genius

    Transitive verbs take  object complements.  Similar to subject complements in  be  verbs and linking verbs, object complements describe or redefine their object. Object complements take the form of noun phrases [NP] and adjectives.
    ::及物动词对对象进行补充。类似主题补充词是动词和连接动词,对象补充词描述或重新定义对象。对象补充词的形式是名词短语和形容词。

    3. (subject)+(transitive verb)+(direct object [NP])+(object complement [NP])
    ::3. (主题)++(及物动词)+(直接对象[NP])+(目标补充[NP])

    Subject Transitive Direct object [NP] Object complement [NP]
    The child Named Her cat Charlie
    I Make My living The hard way

    4. (subject)+(transitive verb)+(direct object [NP])+(object complement [adj.])
    ::4. (主题)++(及物动词)+(直接对象[NP])+(目标补充[adj.])

    Subject Transitive Direct object [NP] Object complement [NP]
    The children Painted The fence White
    The teacher Made The test Easy

    Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

    lesson content

    Identify the subject, transitive verb, and direct object of the sentence. If applicable, identify the indirect object or object complement as well.
    ::标出句子的主题、及物动词和直接对象。如果适用,标出间接对象或对象的补充。

    1. Mrs. Nakamura considers her hometown beautiful.
      ::中村太太认为她的家乡很美
    2. Before setting out on the road trip, I put air in my tires.
      ::出发前,我在轮胎里放气
    3. Joyce gave her father a gift card for Christmas.
      ::乔伊斯给了她父亲一张圣诞礼物卡
    4. He hadn’t broken his promise.
      ::他没有违背诺言。
    5. The voters elected Mr. Thompson mayor.
      ::选民选举了汤普森市长先生