13.1语法和标点错误
Section outline
-
Lesson Objectives
::经验教训目标-
Identify and correct subject/verb agreement errors.
::查明并纠正标的/动词协议错误。 -
Identify and correct comma splices.
::识别并纠正逗号相交。 -
Avoid creating fragments with semicolons.
::避免生成带有分号的碎片 。 -
Capitalize titles, names, and events properly.
::适当将头衔、名称和活动资本化。 -
Avoid unnecessary passive voice.
::避免不必要的被动声音。
Subject/Verb Agreement
Sometimes a long phrase or clause will separate a subject from a verb. Consider the following error in subject/verb agreement:
::有时一个长的短语或条款将把一个主题与动词区分开来。-
The play with such true witticisms and parables come highly recommended.
::以如此真正的机智主义和比喻进行的游戏受到高度推荐。
The author has misconstrued the subject as “witticisms and parables” and has thus used the plural form of the verb. You must always identify the actual subject of the sentence—in this case the noun “play.” One way to identify the subject of a sentence is to find the word or phrase that comes before the verb and does not modify anything else. Prepositional phrases can never act as the subject of the sentence, so you can separate them with brackets to find the subject:
::作者错误地将这个主题理解为 " 证人和比喻 " ,因此使用了动词的复数形式。你必须始终指明该句的实际主题——在本案中是名词 " plays " 。-
The play [with such true witticisms and parables] comes highly recommended.
::剧本[以如此真正的机智主义和比喻]受到高度推荐。
Subjects can be phrases as well. Consider these two examples:
::主题也可以是短语。-
To attend a party without pants is quite foolish.
::参加没有裤子的派对太愚蠢了 -
Running a marathon is his idea of a vacation!
::跑马拉松是他度假的主意!
In the above sentences, the underlined phrases function as subjects. Subject phrases always take singular verbs.
::在上述句子中,下划线的短语作为主体发挥作用,主题短语总是使用单动词。There are also several rules related to the conjunctions and, or , and nor . If the subject is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected with an and , then the verb is plural:
::此外,还有几项规则涉及连字符串,或者,或者,或者,或者,或者,或者,或者,或者。-
Her watch and wallet were stolen from the locker at the train station.
::她的手表和钱包是从火车站柜子里偷来的
When two or more singular nouns are connected by or or nor , use the singular form of the verb:
::当两个或两个以上单一名词通过动词的单一形式连接或不使用该动词的单一形式时:-
A socket wrench or power drill is a good tool to have in a situation like this.
::套接扳手或电钻是一个很好的工具 在这样的情况下。
If one of the nouns connected with or or nor is plural, use the plural form of the verb if the plural noun is closer. However, if the singular noun is closer to the verb, use the singular form of the verb:
::如果一个名词与多元名词相关,或者不是复数名词,如果多元名词接近,则使用动词的复数形式。但是,如果单名词接近动词,则使用动词的单数形式:-
A power drill or socket wrenches are good tools to have in a situation like this.
::电钻或套接扳手是一个很好的工具 在这样的情况下。 -
Socket wrenches or a power drill is a good tool to have in a situation like this.
::索克特扳手或电钻是一个很好的工具 在这样的情况下。
There are a few exceptions to the rule of subject/verb agreement. Some nouns such as civics, politics, mathematics, measles, mumps, and news take the singular form of the verb:
::主题/动词协议规则有一些例外。 公民学、政治、数学、麻疹、流行性腮腺炎、流行性腮腺炎和新闻等名词以动词的单一形式出现:-
The news is dire.
::新闻是可怕的。 -
Politics is becoming more optimistic these days.
::现在的政治越来越乐观了。
Review Questions
::回顾问题Circle the correct form of the verb in each sentence.
::每个句子的动词的正确形式。-
There
is/are
fewer criminals on the street since the law was passed.
::自法律通过以来,街头罪犯人数减少。 -
That may be, but there
is/are
no evidence that it’s making us any safer.
::或许如此, 但没有任何证据表明这能让我们更安全。 -
Mathematics
is/are
the fundamental language of psychics.
::数学是/是通灵者的基本语言。 -
Jerry, who runs around all weekend trying to find great deals at big-box stores, sometimes
lose/loses
sight of what’s really important.
::Jerry, 他整个周末都跑来跑去, 试图在大箱商店找到大买卖, 有时会丢失/失去对真正重要的事物的视线。 -
Civics
is/are
taught in every high school in America.
::美国每所高中都教授/教授公民教育。 -
The protesters holding that hand-painted sign
seem/seems
really motivated.
::持着手画牌的抗议者似乎/看来确实有积极性。 -
Throwing politicians to the media sharks
does/do
them some good.
::将政客扔给媒体 鲨鱼做/做他们一些好。 -
Neither the sword nor the pen
is/are
most mighty in this situation.
::在这种情形下,剑和笔都不是最强大的。 -
Charity or alms
helps/help
those suffering most from the recession.
::慈善或施舍帮助/帮助受衰退影响最严重的人。 -
Potassium and water
is/are
a dangerous combination!
::钾和水是一种危险的组合!
Commas and Semicolons
Avoid using commas to connect independent clauses. Consider the following comma splices:
::避免使用逗号连接独立条款。 考虑以下逗号串点 :Example 1 - I finally found my keys, I got to work just in time.
::例1 - 我终于找到钥匙了 我得准时工作Example 2 - It rained heavily during the afternoon, however we still managed to have a picnic.
::例2 -- -- 下午下大雨,然而我们仍设法去野餐。Use a period, semicolon, or coordinating conjunction to connect independent clauses:
::使用一个时期、分号或协调连接连接独立条款:Example 1 - I finally found my keys, and I got to work just in time.
::例1 - 我终于找到钥匙了 我得准时工作Example 2 - It rained heavily during the afternoon; however, we still managed to have a picnic.
::例2 -- -- 下午下大雨;然而,我们仍然设法去野餐。For a definition and examples of independent clauses, see Chapter 12, Lesson 1. For a definition of and examples of coordinating conjunction, see Chapter 12, Lesson 1.
::关于独立条款的定义和实例,见第12章第1课,关于相互协调的定义和实例,见第12章第1课。In most cases, we only use semicolons to connect two independent clauses. Avoid using semicolons to separate words or phrases from the independent clause.
::在大多数情况下,我们只使用分号来连接两个独立条款,避免使用分号来区分独立条款中的文字或短语。Example 1 - The roof of that car was covered in Astroturf; a strange sight!
::例1 - 车顶盖在Astroturf, 奇怪的景象!Example 2 - Quentin’s father gave him a golden pocket watch; which was a priceless family heirloom.
::例如2-昆廷的父亲给了他一只金色的手表;这是无价的传家宝。Use dashes to emphasize or set off a phrase, or use a comma to set off a phrase if you do not want to convey as much emphasis.
::使用破折号来强调或抵消一个短语,或使用逗号来抵消一个短语,如果您不想表达同样的强调的话。Example 1 - The roof of that car was covered in Astroturf—a strange sight!
::例1 -- -- 车顶盖在Astroturf -- -- 一种奇怪的景象!Example 2 - Quentin’s father gave him a golden pocket watch, which was a priceless family heirloom.
::例2-昆廷的父亲给了他一只金色的手表,这是无价的传家宝。See Chapter 13 to review the uses of the comma, semicolon, and dash .
::见第13章,审查逗号、分号、破折号的用途。Review Questions
::回顾问题Each sentence has either a comma splice or sentence fragment. Correct comma splices by replacing them with a period, semicolon, or coordinating conjunction. Correct sentence fragments by either omitting the semicolon completely or replacing the semicolon with a comma or dash.
::每个句子都有逗号相交点或句号的碎片。正确的逗号相交点用一个时段、分号或协调连结替换。正确的句号相交点要么完全省略分号,要么用逗号或破折号替换分号。-
I gave my mother a box of chocolates for her birthday, she was pleased.
::我给了我妈妈一盒巧克力 她生日礼物,她很高兴。 -
Susan was sitting off in the corner; without a care in the world.
::苏珊坐在拐角处, 没有任何顾虑。 -
When they were kids they made homemade lemonade, they sold it for two bucks a pop.
::当他们还是孩子的时候,他们做自制柠檬水, 他们卖了它,两块钱一块钱。 -
Without support from the president; the bill failed to make it through Congress.
::没有总统的支持,该法案未能通过国会通过。 -
Construction continued unabated for more than two months, I wasn’t getting much sleep.
::建筑工程持续2个多月,
Passive Voice
In English grammar, we make a distinction between active voice and passive voice. In sentences written with active voice, the subject is doing the action.
::在英语语法中,我们区分了积极的声音和被动的声音。 在用积极的声音撰写的句子中,该主题正在采取行动。-
The student wrote the paper.
::学生写的报纸。 -
Rainwater flooded the basement.
::雨水淹没了地下室 -
Jose argued that his house was no place for a dance party.
::Jose辩称,他的房子不适合参加舞会。
In sentences written with passive voice, the subject is acted upon. Consider the same examples written in passive voice.
::在以被动声音写成的判决书中,对主题采取行动,考虑以被动声音写成的相同例子。-
The paper was written by the student.
::论文是学生写的 -
The basement was flooded by rainwater.
::地下室被雨水淹没了 -
That his house was no place for a dance party was argued by Jose.
::Jose争论说,他的房子不适合参加舞会。
Compare the third example in both instances: They both have the same fundamental meaning, but the sentence written in passive voice is vague and awkwardly worded, while the same sentence in active voice is clearer and more succinct.
::比较两种情况下的第三个例子:两者具有相同的基本含义,但以被动声音撰写的句子含糊不清,措辞尴尬,而积极声音中的同一句句子则更清楚、更简洁。Use the following steps to determine if a sentence is written in passive voice. We’ll use the same example sentence.
::使用以下步骤来确定判决是否是用被动的声音写成的。 我们将使用同样的例子句。Example 1 - The subject is not conducting the action, but is being acted upon.
::例1 - 主体不采取行动,而是正在采取行动。That his house was no place for a dance party was argued by Jose.
::Jose争论说,他的房子不适合参加舞会。Example 2 - A form of the be verb ( am, is, are, was, were ) appears with the past participle (- ed or – en ) form of the verb.
::例2 - 动词( am, is, was, was) 的形式与动词的过去参加( - ed 或 - en) 形式出现。That his house was no place for a dance party was argued by Jose.
::Jose争论说,他的房子不适合参加舞会。Example 3 - The preposition “by [noun phrase]” either appears in the sentence or can be added. That his house was no place for a dance party was argued by Jose.
::例3 - “用[名词用 ”这一序言要么出现在句子中,要么可以添加,Jose认为他的房子不适合参加舞会。See Chapter 12, Lesson 2, for a definition and examples of prepositions and prepositional phrases .
::关于序言和序言短语的定义和实例,见第12章第2课。Eliminate passive voice by making the subject the doer of the action. You can convert a sentence to active voice by exchanging the object of the preposition and the subject of the passive sentence
::将对象作为行动的目标,从而消除被动的声音。你可以将一个句子转换为积极的声音,办法是交换预置的对象和被动句子的主题。Passive Voice - That his house was no place for a dance party was argued by Jose.
::被动之声 - Jose争论说,他的房子不适合参加舞会。Invert the subject and object, and the sentence changes to active voice.
::将主题和对象反转,句子改为主动声音。Active Voice - Jose argued that his house was no place for a dance party.
::活跃之声-Jose认为他的房子不适合参加舞会。However, sometimes passive voice is preferable when the object being acted upon is more important or when the doer of action is unknown.
::然而,当所采取行动的对象更为重要或行动行动行动不为人知时,有时更倾向于被动的声音。Example 1 - The rainfall total was measured using standard practices.
::例1 - 降雨总量是通过标准做法测量的。Example 2 - My car was broken into last night.
::例2 - 我的车昨晚被破门而入Review Questions
::回顾问题Convert the following sentences from active voice to passive voice. If necessary, invent a subject for the active construction.
::将以下句子从主动声音转换为被动声音。 必要时, 发明一个用于积极构建的题材 。-
Mistakes were made by top-level officials.
::高层官员犯下了错误。 -
The electricity was turned off by the power company.
::电力公司关闭了电力。 -
The vase was broken.
::花瓶坏了 -
The scientists’ assertions could not have been believed.
::科学家的说法是无法令人相信的。 -
When was the law implemented?
::法律何时执行?
-
Identify and correct subject/verb agreement errors.
