1.2 Glyfada法
Section outline
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What follows is a discussion and example of each step of the Glyfada Method. Following the completed example, you will then fill in your own worksheet for your topic. When you reach the last step, you will have a completed worksheet with which you can write your own essay.
::下面是 Glyfada 方法的每个步骤的讨论和示例。 按照已完成的示例, 然后您将填入您自己的主题工作表。 当您到达最后一步时, 您将有一个完整的工作表, 您可以用它写您自己的论文 。The Glyfada Method may look overwhelming, but you will find it simple as you work through the steps. It will provide the structure you need to be confident as you write your essay.
::Glyfada 方法可能看起来令人难以接受, 但您会发现它很简单。 它会提供您在撰写论文时需要自信的结构 。Step-by-Step Explanation of the Glyfada Method
Step 1: Heuristics
You have an essay assignment, and you don’t have a topic. Heuristics will help you through this dilemma. Heuristics means a way of discovering ideas. You go through trial and error to find a subject for your paper. You might think of heuristics as a way of getting into something that is hard to open. Heuristics helps you think about things you can write about.
::你有一个作文任务,而你没有主题。 狂妄主义会帮助你渡过这一困境。 狂妄主义意味着一种发现思想的方式。 你经历了考验和错误才为论文找到主题。 你可能会认为,狂妄主义是进入难以打开的事物的途径。 狂妄主义有助于你思考你能写的东西。Getting started can be difficult if you do not know what you want to write about. A good way to start is to think about what has interested you in your reading assignments. Try a free write in your journal on a related topic. Look through the newspaper and see what related topic might make a good essay. You can also surf the Internet for topics that might get you started. Talk to a friend about what you are hoping to do with a topic. Your friend might provide some direction.
::如果您不知道自己要写什么的话, 启动起来会很困难。 一个好的开始方式是思考您对阅读任务有什么兴趣。 尝试在相关主题的日记上自由写一篇文章。 通过报纸看看相关主题会写出什么好文章。 您也可以在互联网上浏览可能会启动的主题。 与朋友谈谈您想要做什么。 您的朋友可以提供一些方向 。Using heuristics, the class in Glyfada came up with these topics.
::格利法达的班级 利用休养症研究这些话题。Example:
::示例:Step 1: Heuristics/Topics
::第1步:超常/毒性scuba diving, military maneuvers, deep sea fishing, culture shock, military social life, military health care, camping in Greece, travel through Germany, Greek elections, anti-American behavior, living in a foreign country, stress on families from frequent moves, and Glyfada.
::潜水潜水、军事演习、深海捕鱼、文化冲击、军事社会生活、军事保健、在希腊露营、穿越德国旅行、希腊选举、反美国行为、生活在外国、频繁行动给家庭造成压力以及Glyfada。Review Question
Make a list of possible topics that would work with this assignment.
::列出与这项任务相关的可能议题清单。Step 1: Heuristics/Topics
::第1步:超常/毒性__________________________________________
Step 2: Topic and Focus
Students chose the topic Glyfada because the class was made up of military personnel stationed in Greece. Glyfada was near the air base. The group chose Glyfada because they all thought it would be fun to convince friends to come to Glyfada for a holiday.
::学生们选择Glyfada这个话题是因为这个班由驻扎在希腊的军人组成。 Glyfada在空军基地附近。 他们选择Glyfada,因为他们都认为说服朋友来Glyfada度假会很有趣。Example:
::示例:Step 2: Topic and Focus
::步骤2:专题和重点Glyfada is a good place to visit.
::Glyfada是一个很好的访问地点。Review Question
From your list of topics in Step 1, choose one you think you can write about.
::从您在步骤1中的主题列表中选择一个您认为可以写入的主题 。Step 2: Topic and Focus
::步骤2:专题和重点___________________________________________
Step 3: Target Audience
To demonstrate sincerity and conviction, address your audience directly. To whom are you speaking? As you write your essay, pretend you are standing in front of your audience and speaking to them. Be accountable to them. While your teacher will read your paper, you still need to speak directly to your target audience. Your teacher is your evaluator, not the target of your message.
::为了显示诚意和信念, 请直接对听众讲话。 您在对谁讲话? 您写作时, 请假装站在观众面前, 对他们负责 。 您的老师会读您的论文, 您仍然需要直接对目标观众讲话 。 您的老师是您的评价员, 而不是您信息的目标 。Here is a good example of choosing an audience. The class who chose the Glyfada topic was made up of young, enlisted American military members. They had to target an audience that would be interested in the topic “Glyfada.” After some thought, they decided they would pretend they were writing to their counterparts who were stationed at a military base in Germany. They would try to convince their fellow military members in cold, rainy, snowy Germany to take leave and visit them in hot, sunny Glyfada. To do that, the class would have to come up with relevant reasons why their military counterparts would take leave and travel all the way to Greece.
::这是一个选择观众的好例子。选择Glyfada主题的班级是由年轻的美国军人组成的。他们必须瞄准对“Glyfada”主题感兴趣的观众。 经过一些思考,他们决定假装写信给驻扎在德国军事基地的同行。他们试图说服在寒冷、雨雨中、雪雪中的德国军人同行离开,在炎热、阳光明媚的Glyfada拜访他们。要做到这一点,该班必须提出相关原因,说明为何他们的军人要离开并一路前往希腊。If the professor of that writing course had chosen an audience, it would have been her counterparts teaching for the University of Maryland European Division in Germany. The American base commander’s wife would have chosen other officer’s wives in Germany.
::如果该书写课程的教授选择了一位听众,那将是她在德国马里兰大学欧洲分校教授的同行。 美国基地指挥官的妻子会选择德国其他军官的妻子。All three of these audiences in Germany—young enlisted military members, professors, and officer’s wives—would require a different approach to the topic. Therefore, it is very important that you know who your audience is before you decide on your approach to the topic and start gathering your supporting material.
::德国所有三位观众 — — 年轻的军人、教授和军官的妻子 — — 都需要对这个主题采取不同的做法。 因此,在决定你对这个主题的处理方式并开始收集辅助材料之前,你必须先知道谁是你的观众,这一点非常重要。Example:
::示例:Step 3: Target Audience
::步骤3:目标受众Young military members stationed in Germany
::驻扎在德国的年轻军人Review Question
Now choose your audience for your topic.
::现在选择你的观众 为你的主题。Step 3: Target Audience
::步骤3:目标受众____________________________________
Step 4: “So what?”
When you choose a topic, ask yourself the question “so what?” to determine if you have chosen to write about something significant. If you cannot think of an answer to the question “so what?” you need to choose another topic. The “so what?” ensures that the topic is relevant to the reader. It draws your reader into the paper and tells him or her that you have something new and worthwhile to say. Your information could change their views or actions in a particular way. You will provide information your readers do not have or ideas they haven’t thought of.
::当您选择一个主题时,请问自己“那么什么?” 的问题,以确定您是否选择了写一些重要的东西。如果您无法想出答案来回答“那么什么?” , 您需要选择另一个主题。 “那么什么? ” 确保这个主题与读者相关。 它将读者引到报纸上,告诉他或她你有什么新的和值得说的。 您的信息可以以某种特定方式改变他们的观点或行动。 您会提供读者没有或他们没有想到的信息。Here are a series of questions you need to consider. What is new about what you are saying? Has it been said before? Why are you saying it now? Is there a new twist? Why should people have this new information?
::你们要考虑的,有一系列问题吗?你们在说什么呢?以前有人说过吗?你们为什么要说呢?有新的转折吗?人们为什么要有这个新消息呢?The class writing the essay about Glyfada asked themselves a series of “so what?” questions. They knew it would take several tries before they would come up with a good “so what?”.
::写一篇关于Glyfada的文章的班级问了自己一系列“又怎样? ”的问题。 他们知道要尝试几次才能找到一个好的“又怎样? ” 。Example:
::示例:Step 4: “So what?”
::步骤4:“那又怎样?”Come to Greece for holiday. So what? It is a fun place to visit. So what? It has many things to do. So what? Glyfada has a beautiful beach, good restaurants, a lot of entertainment, low prices, friendly people, good transportation, inexpensive hotels, and reasonably priced hotels. So what? It is easy and inexpensive to get to Greece, and one enjoys a relaxing, enjoyable vacation.
::来到希腊度假。 那又怎样? 这是一个有趣的地方,可以参观。那又怎样?它有很多事情要做。那又怎样? Glyfada有一个美丽的海滩,好的餐馆,很多娱乐,低价,友好的人,好的交通,便宜的旅馆,价格合理的旅馆。那么呢?去希腊很容易,价格也低廉,一个人享受一个轻松的、愉快的假期。Review Question
Now, ask yourself “so what?” Are you saying something new? If not, are you putting a new spin on a familiar subject?
::现在,你问自己“那又怎样?” 你在说新的话吗?如果没有,你是否在熟悉的话题上换个新话题?Step 4: “So what?”
::步骤4:“那又怎样?”________________________________________________
Step 5: Organization
How do you want to organize your paper? You have decided on the purpose of your essay. Is it to tell a story? Make an argument or persuade someone to action? Describe a process? What is the best organization for what you want to say? Is it logical, spatial, or chronological?
::您想如何组织您的论文? 您已经决定了您文章的目的。 是讲故事吗? 进行争论还是说服别人采取行动? 描述一个过程? 您想要说什么的最佳组织是什么? 它符合逻辑、空间或时间顺序吗?There are three types of organization:
::组织有三种类型:a. If you want to persuade or argue, then you should use logical organization. An argument built on logic or reasoning starts with the least important major point and works to the most important major point. You can compare that rule to fireworks: start with the smaller fireworks and end with the biggest bang.
::a. 如果想说服或争论,那么你应该使用逻辑组织。建立在逻辑或推理基础上的论据从最不重要的要点开始,工作到最重要的要点。你可以将这一规则与烟花比较:从较小的烟花开始,到最大的爆炸结束。b. You might use a chronological approach. For instance, in persuading someone to visit Glyfada, you might start by describing a daily schedule of shopping early in the morning, going to the beach in the afternoon, having dinner at a local restaurant in the evening, and going to European tavernas late at night. If you wanted to put persuasive information into a story, you could incorporate it into a narrative.
:b) 你可能采用按时间顺序排列的方法。例如,在说服某人访问Glyfada时,你可以首先描述每天清晨购物的日程,下午去海滩,晚上在本地餐厅吃晚饭,晚上去欧洲塔弗纳斯,如果你想将有说服力的信息写进故事,你可以把它写进一个叙述。
c. A spatial approach means that you describe space. If you are asked to describe your bedroom, where do you start? Where do your eyes focus first? What do they move next? You would use spatial organization to describe a landscape.
::c. 空间角度是指您描述空间。如果要求您描述您的卧室,您从何处开始?您的眼睛首先聚焦在哪里?他们下一步移动什么?您会使用空间组织来描述一个景观。When the group decided to make the essay on Glyfada persuasive, they needed to look at the kind of organization that would serve the purpose of the paper. This young American military class wanted to write a persuasive paper by starting with the weakest point and moving to the strongest point.
::当该团体决定发表关于Glyfada的论文时,他们需要看看什么组织能为该文件的目的服务。 这个年轻的美国军人阶级想要写一份有说服力的论文,先从最弱的点开始,再向最强点迈进。Example:
::示例:Step 5: Organization
::第5步:组织Logical; persuasion; weakest to strongest points.
::逻辑;说服; 最弱至最强点。Review Question
Now figure out what the organization will be for the essay you are writing.
::想想你写的论文会是什么组织Step 5: Organization
::第5步:组织______________________________________
Step 6: Appeals (Logos, Pathos, Ethos)
More than 2,000 years ago, the Greek philosopher Aristotle argued that there were three ways to persuade an audience: logos, pathos, and ethos. Taking into consideration audience, topic, and purpose, one would choose one or two of these in selecting supporting material.
::两千多年前,希腊哲学家亚里士多德(Aristodottle)认为有三种方法可以说服观众:标识、病理和特质。 考虑到受众、主题和目的,在选择辅助材料时可以选择其中一种或两种。a. Logos is an appeal to reason. The speaker uses logic or reason to persuade.
::a. Logos是对理性的吸引力,发言者使用逻辑或理由进行说服。b. Pathos is an appeal to emotions such as love, jealousy, fear, and pity.
::b. 病理病症是对爱、嫉妒、恐惧和怜悯等情绪的吸引力。c. Ethos is the speaker’s credibility. It is the person’s image. We believe a speaker to be trustworthy if he or she has good character, goodwill, and positive actions.
:In selecting material to develop the essay on Glyfada, students had to decide how they intended to appeal to their target audience. The focused appeal would determine what support material they used. For example, students in this class were young military members, and they wanted to appeal to their counterparts in Germany. That meant choosing support that appealed to their friends in a predominately emotional manner, that is, emotions motivating the visiting military members to have a good time on their leave in Greece. Working together on development, students focused on beach fun, inexpensive local food, and trendy evening entertainment.
::在选择编写Glyfada论文的材料时,学生必须决定他们打算如何向目标受众发出呼吁。重点呼吁将决定他们使用什么支持材料。例如,本班学生是年轻的军人,他们想向德国的同行呼吁。这意味着选择以情感占上风的方式向朋友呼吁的支持,即激励来访的军人在希腊休假的情感。一起致力于发展,学生专注于海滩娱乐、廉价当地食品和时尚晚间娱乐。If the professor of the class had written the essay, the target audience and appeal would have been very different. The professor would have chosen as her target audience her counterparts at the American university in Germany. She would have appealed to logos. She would have developed the essay with examples and information about museums, historical events, literary sites, and places of Greek mythology. In contrast, the base commander’s wife would have appealed with logos and ethos about shopping areas, luxury hotels and restaurants, specialty island cruises, and specific manufacturers and their goods.
::如果该班的教授写了这篇文章,目标受众和吸引力就会大相径庭。 教授会选择德国美国大学的同行作为目标受众。 她会呼吁使用标志。 她会用关于博物馆、历史事件、文学遗址和希腊神话场所的例子和资料编写这篇论文。 相反,基地指挥官的妻子会用标志和特质来呼吁购物区、奢侈酒店和餐馆、特殊岛屿巡航、特定制造商及其货物。The appeal that the Glyfada topic focuses on is pathos.
::Glyfada专题所侧重的吸引力是病态。Example:
::示例:Step 6: Appeals (Logos, Pathos, Ethos)
::第6步:上诉(Logos、Pathos、Ethos)Pathos: tavernas, sandy beaches, scuba diving, sailing, beautiful girls, handsome guys, good Greek food, friendly people, good times
::病理:塔弗纳、沙沙海滩、潜水潜水、航海、漂亮女孩、英俊帅哥、希腊好食物、友好人士、美好时光Review Question
Now figure out what appeal you will focus on for your essay.
::想想你的论文会吸引你什么Step 6: Appeals (Logos, Pathos, Ethos)
::第6步:上诉(Logos、Pathos、Ethos)______________________________________
Step 7: Development
What kind of support do you need for your topic? You will need details, facts, examples, definitions, and extended definitions. You can include charts, graphs, diagrams, pictures, and illustrations. Supporting material must be appropriate to your topic and audience.
::您的主题需要什么样的支持 ? 您需要细节、 事实、 示例、 定义和扩展定义 。 您可以包括图表、 图表、 图表、 图片和插图 。 辅助材料必须适合您的主题和受众 。Always quote or paraphrase your source accurately. Your material should be current and credible. Always cite sources.
::总是引用或引用您源代码的准确性。 您的材料应该是当前且可信的, 总是引用源代码 。Choose showing details, not telling ones. Instead of talking about traveling in an old car, describe the rusting sides, noisy engine, and broken back window.
::选择显示细节, 不告诉细节。 而不是谈论乘坐旧车旅行, 描述生锈的侧面, 噪音的引擎, 和破碎的后窗 。To write about Glyfada, students in the class decided they needed the following information.
::学生们决定需要以下信息:Example:
::示例:Step 7: Development
::步骤7:发展Details about activities in Glyfada, examples of products and restaurants, definitions of European bars, and facts about prices of activities and restaurants; photos from websites or camera phones.
::Glyfada活动的详情、产品和餐馆的例子、欧洲酒吧的定义、活动和餐馆价格的事实、网站或照相机电话的照片。Review Question
Now figure out what support will be needed to develop your essay.
::现在想清楚需要什么支持来编写你的论文。Step 7: Development
::步骤7:发展______________________________________
Step 8: Probable Topic
Your next step is to take an educated guess at what your topic for this essay will be. You can change this as you continue working. You will modify your topic after you go through Steps 9-12. The advantage in taking these gradual steps is that you do not have to make a lot of decisions all at once and get writer’s block for fear of making the wrong choices.
::您的下一步是明智地猜测您对这篇文章的题目会是什么。 您可以在继续工作时改变这一点。 您在走9-12步后将修改话题。 采取这些渐进步骤的好处是您不必同时做出很多决定,而因为害怕做出错误的选择而遭到作家的阻挠。In Step 2 of our example, students listed the subject as Glyfada on the worksheet. In Step 8, they narrowed the topic as much as possible to Glyfada is a good place to visit . Students in the class began to focus their topic on the reasons they thought their counterparts should visit Glyfada.
::以我们为例的第二步,学生们在工作单上将这个科目列为Glyfada。 在第八步,他们尽可能将这个话题缩小到Glyfada是一个很好的访问地点。 学生们开始把话题集中在他们认为应该访问Glyfada的原因上。Example:
::示例:Step 8: Probable Topic
::步骤8:可能的专题Glyfada is a reasonably priced place to visit because...
::Glyfada是一个价格合理的地方 参观,因为...Review Question
Now figure out what your topic will be for your essay.
::现在想清楚你的论文题目是什么Step 8: Probable Topic
::步骤8:可能的专题______________________________________
Once you complete Steps 1-8, you must follow the rest of the steps in order. You can go back at any point and revise, but you must follow the steps.
::完成步骤1-8后, 您必须按顺序按步骤执行其余步骤 。 您可以随时回去修改, 但是您必须按步骤执行 。Step 9: Inventory
When I was in college, I made money by doing inventories for department stores and discount houses. That meant that my inventory crew counted all the merchandise and recorded it on charts. You will do something similar for your topic. You will inventory all that you have to say about your topic.
::当我上大学的时候,我通过清点百货商店和贴现店的存货来赚钱。这意味着我的库存人员清点了所有商品并记录在图表上。你会为你的话题做类似的事情。你将清点你对话题的所有话。When you do an inventory, you list (without editing) anything you can think of about your topic. You do not stop to check spelling, relevancy, or word choice. Think of it as free association—list whatever words come to mind, even though you will not use all of them.
::当你进行清点时,请列出你能想到的关于你议题的任何内容(无需编辑),不要停止检查拼写、相关性或字选。把它当作自由联合——列出想到的任何单词,即使你不会使用所有词。In this class we chose a topic that students were familiar with; they knew they could think of many things about Glyfada. Once those ideas were on paper, their attention focused on the best way to organize and develop the essay. And, once those decisions were made, they had more time to spend on sentence structure, spelling, punctuation, and word choice.
::在这个班级中,我们选择了一个学生熟悉的话题;他们知道他们可以想到很多关于Glyfada的事情。 一旦这些想法被写在纸上,他们的注意力就集中在组织和发展论文的最佳方式上。 一旦做出这些决定,他们就有更多的时间花在刑期结构、拼写、标点和字词选择上。Example:
::示例:The class came up with this inventory.
::同学们想出了这份清单Step 9: Inventory of Topic
::步骤9:专题清单Greek food
::希腊语食物atmosphere
::大气层boats
::渔船European bars
::欧洲酒吧entertainment
::娱乐娱乐souvenirs
::纪念纪念品beaches
::海滩海滩shops
::商店店铺nationalities
::国籍restaurants
::餐馆餐厅sidewalk cafes
::人行咖啡馆street vendors
::街头街头供应商museums
::博物馆博物馆wind surfing
::风浪冲浪folk dancing
::民间舞蹈cruises
::游轮scuba diving
::潜水潜水plaka/plaza
::广场/广场music
::音乐音乐clubs
::俱乐部俱乐部俱乐部tours
::导游参观Review Question
Now, inventory your topic.
::现在,清点你的主题。Step 9: Inventory of Topic
::步骤9:专题清单Step 10: Reduce to Main Points
In Step 10, you will look at your list of details and decide how to put them into categories. You do this by identifying key ideas that can serve as main points in your essay.
::在步骤10中, 您将查看您的详细信息列表, 并决定如何将其分类 。 您在这样做时, 将找出可以作为您论文要点的关键观点 。Some of the words listed in Step 9 are repetitious or irrelevant. In Step 10, you will play the categorizing game. You will figure out what pattern is emerging among the words and then think of three or four general categories to sort the words. These categories will become your main points. You are not restricted to your list; you can add details at any time.
::步骤9 中列出的某些单词是重复的或无关的。 在步骤10 中, 您将玩分类游戏。 您将找出单词中正在出现什么模式, 然后想出三、 四大类来排序单词。 这些类别将成为您的要点。 您不受列表的限制, 您可以随时添加细节 。Example:
::示例:On the sample worksheet, food and sidewalk cafes can be grouped under restaurants. Climate and boats can be placed under beaches, although students could work out any combination here.
::在样本工作单上,食品和人行咖啡馆可以分为餐厅。 气候和船只可以放在海滩下面,尽管学生可以在这里找到任何组合。Review Question
Use your inventory list to decide on main points.
::使用您的目录列表来决定要点 。Step 11: Order of Main Points
In Step 11, you will decide how you want to arrange your points. If you are writing a narrative or describing a process, you will want to organize your paper chronologically, that is, in the order of time. If you are describing space, you will organize your main points according to the order in which you want to describe the object, area, or person. If you are presenting an argument or persuading someone, then you will move from the weakest to the strongest points.
::在步骤11中,您将决定如何安排您的点。如果您正在撰写一个描述或描述一个进程,您将按时间顺序按时间顺序排列您的纸张。如果您正在描述空间,您将根据您想要描述对象、区域或人的顺序排列您的主点。如果您在提出争论或说服某人,那么您将从最弱的点移到最强的点。When the young American military members chose their main points, they decided to arrange them according to how important they thought the places where and how often they visited the places on the list. They could have also used a spatial order by starting at a particular geographical location of Glyfada and moving to different points of interest in the resort town. Students in the class asked such questions as “Do you think trying to cover all the entertainment in Glyfada and Athens would be too much for your topic on Glyfada?” and “How about trying a narrative approach to your persuasion? You can work your main points into the story line.”
::当年轻的美国军事成员选择他们的要点时,他们决定根据他们认为他们访问名单上的地点和频率的重要性来安排这些要点,他们本来还可以使用空间秩序,从Glyfada的某个特定地理位置开始,搬到度假镇的不同利益点。 班级学生们问了一些问题,比如“你认为试图覆盖Glyfada和雅典的所有娱乐活动对你的Glyfada专题来说太过分了吗?” 和“如何尝试用叙事方式说服你?你可以把主要观点写进故事的路线 ” 。Example:
::示例:This example shows that the main points are in a logical order for a persuasion essay. That means starting with the weakest main point and moving to strongest one.
::这个例子显示,主要要点是说服文章的逻辑顺序。 这意味着从最薄弱的要点开始,转向最强的要点。Review Question
Now decide on the order of your main points.
::现在决定你要点的顺序。Step 12: Basic Working Thesis
After completing the inventory, reducing the inventory to main points, and deciding on the order of the points, it is time to put everything together. It is easy if you think of it as a formula.
::在完成清册之后,将清册减为要点,并决定点的顺序,现在是时候把所有事情集中起来了。如果你把它看作是一种公式,那很容易。topic + so what? + main points
::专题+什么?+要点I call this statement a basic thesis because it is your essay in a nutshell. From it you have your direction, argument, organization, and target audience. Although the basic thesis appears rigid, it forces you to examine the skeleton of your paper. Stating the thesis in a single sentence is a valuable skill. If you cannot condense what you want to say into one sentence, you do not know what you want to say about the topic.
::我把这篇声明称为基本论文,因为它是您在一句话中的论文。您有方向、论点、组织和目标受众。虽然基本论文看起来僵硬,但迫使您检查论文的骨架。单句中写出论文是一种宝贵的技巧。如果您不能将您想说的话压缩为一句话,您不知道您想对这个话题说什么。When you can actually put your topic and points on paper, you will begin to form a plan for your essay. A single sentence eliminates the problem of a thesis going in two different directions. If you state your thesis in a compound sentence (two independent clauses), you will find yourself coming to a fork in the road, and the paper will go two directions, e.g., Glyfada is a good place to visit, and people like to buy property there . Does the writer want to talk about Glyfada being a good vacation spot, or does the writer want to discuss real estate? In this example, the writer has two topics.
::当您可以将您的主题和要点写在纸上时, 您将开始为您的文章制定计划。 单句可以消除论文朝两个不同方向发展的问题。 如果您在复述句( 两个独立的条款)中陈述您的论文, 您就会发现自己来到路边的叉路口, 报纸会朝两个方向发展, 比如, Glyfada 是一个好地方访问, 人们喜欢在那里购买财产。 作者想谈论Glyfada 是一个很好的度假地点, 还是作家想讨论房地产? 在这个例子中, 作者有两个主题 。Another problem to be aware of is parallelism . You must keep your main points parallel as you list them in the basic thesis. For example, you must keep the words of your main points concrete (something you touch like a ball) or abstract (something you cannot touch like sadness or happiness). You must keep your main points in the same grammatical construction (singing, running, swimming; not singing, running, and to swim). Lastly, you must be consistent in the concepts you use (apples, oranges, and bananas; not apples, oranges, and zebras).
::另一个需要注意的问题是平行。 您必须在基本论文中列出您的主点时保持平行。 例如, 您必须保留您主点的文字具体( 触摸像球一样的东西) 或抽象( 你无法触摸像悲伤或幸福一样的东西 ) 。 您必须把您的主点保留在相同的语法构造中( 唱、 跑、 游泳、 不唱歌、 跑、 游泳 ) 。 最后, 您必须坚持您使用的概念( 苹果、 橘子、 香蕉、 苹果、 橘子和斑马 ) 。Our military members needed to be able to say, “Glyfada is a good place to visit because the prices and the climate are outstanding for shops, beaches, bars, and restaurants.” When they set up their formula, they knew they could write an essay that would fly.
::我们的军事成员需要能够说 : “ 加利法达是一个很好的访问地点,因为商店、海滩、酒吧和餐馆的价格和气候都十分突出。 ”当他们建立自己的配方时,他们知道自己可以写一篇会飞的论文。Example:
::示例:Step 12: Basic Working Thesis
::步骤12:基本工作论文topic + so what? + main points.
::专题+什么?+要点。Glyfada is a reasonably priced vacation spot that offers a variety of shops, beautiful beaches, quality restaurants, and European bars.
::Glyfada是一个价格合理的度假地点,提供各种商店、美丽的海滩、优质餐馆和欧洲酒吧。Review Question
Now, using what you have done with the previous steps, write a basis thesis for your essay.
::现在,利用你对前几步所做的, 为你的论文写一个基础论文。Step 12: Basic Working Thesis
::步骤12:基本工作论文topic + so what? + main points.
::专题+什么?+要点。________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Step 13: Mapping
Mapping determines whether or not you have enough material to support your main points. Under each main point, list supporting details. You do not have to use all the words you list, but at least you will have a starting point to develop and support your main ideas.
::映射决定您是否有足够的材料支持您的主点 。 在每一个主点下, 列出支持细节 。 您不必使用您列出的所有单词, 但至少您将有一个出发点来开发和支持您的主要想法 。Step 13: Mapping
::步骤13:绘图Inventory each main point.
::每个要点的清单。1. shops
::1. 商店gold
::金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金金wool
::羊毛羊毛ceramics
::陶瓷souvenirs
::纪念纪念品marble
::大理石brass
::黄铜rugs
::地毯2. beaches
::2. 海滩sand
::沙沙沙clean
::清洁skiing
::滑雪wind surf
::风浪风浪boats
::渔船weather
::天气天气scuba diving
::潜水潜水3. restaurants
::3. 餐馆cafes
::咖啡馆snack shops
::零零食店price ranges
::价格幅度ethnic food
::族裔食物peasant type
::农民seafood
::海产souflaki
::苏弗拉基语Name
moussaki
::软木木4. European bars
::4. 欧洲酒吧music
::音乐音乐folk dancing
::民间舞蹈gathering spots
::收集斑点atmosphere
::大气层family
::家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭 家庭open air
::开放空气music
::音乐音乐clubs
::俱乐部Review Question
Map your main points and determine if you have enough material to talk about each one.
::绘制您的主点, 并确定您是否有足够的材料来谈论每个要点 。Step 13: Mapping
::步骤13:绘图Inventory each main point.
::每个要点的清单。- _________
- _________
- _________
- _________
Step 14: Sub-Points
The list under your first mapped main point will produce several categories. These categories will be your sub-points under the main point. Under these categories, you will sort the rest of the listed words. You can add new ones if you wish. Each sub-point will become a separate paragraph to develop and support that main point.
::您第一个绘制主点下的列表将产生几个类别。 这些类别将是您在主点下的子点。 在这些类别下,您将排序列出的单词的其余部分。如果您愿意,您可以添加新的单词。每个子点将成为一个单独的段落,以开发和支持该主点。Determine how many sub-points you need to develop each main point. Remember the outlining rule: when you have an “a,” you must have a “b.” You may have a “c,” “d,” and more, depending on how many paragraphs you want for that main point.
::确定您需要开发每个主点的子点。 记住概述规则: 当您有一个“ a ” 时, 您必须有一个“ b ” 。 您可能有一个“ c ” 、 “ d ” 和更多 , 取决于您想要该主点的段落数 。If you write your essay without going through the steps of this method, you may put in several frustrating hours on a draft before realizing you do not have a clear plan for writing the paper.
::如果您在写论文时没有经过这一方法的步骤,您可以在发现您没有写论文的明确计划之前,在草案上花上几小时的苦恼,然后才能发现您没有写论文的明确计划。Example:
::示例:Step 14: Sub-Points
::步骤14:分要点From the list under mapping, determine your sub-points. Each sub-point will be developed into a paragraph.
::从绘图中的列表中,确定您的子点,每个子点将发展成段落。Review Question
Step 14: Sub-Points
::步骤14:分要点From the list under mapping, determine your sub-points. Each sub-point will be developed into a paragraph.
::从绘图中的列表中,确定您的子点,每个子点将发展成段落。Step 15: Sorting (Working Outline)
Using key words from your basic thesis, you must make a short outline using single words or phrases. The key words used for points must be the same ones used in the basic thesis and must follow the same order. Then you must add support for the sub-points.
::使用您基本论文中的关键词, 您必须使用单词或词句做一个简短的大纲。 点所使用的关键词必须是基本论文中使用的相同词, 并且必须遵循相同的顺序。 然后您必须加入对子点的支持 。Your worksheets will tell you whether you are doing the proper amount of planning and whether you understand the writing process. The worksheet also prevents you from spending time on an essay that may be disorganized or incoherent. If you cannot find enough supporting details for your main points, you will not be able to develop your essay satisfactorily.
::您的工作表会告诉您您是否做了适当的规划, 您是否理解写作过程 。 工作表也会防止您花时间写一篇可能组织混乱或不连贯的文章 。 如果您无法找到您主要要点的足够支持细节, 您将无法令人满意地开发您的论文 。Example:
::示例:Complete the sorting step.
::完成排序步骤 。Step 15: Sorting (Working Outline)
::步骤15:排序(工作大纲)I. Introduction
::一. 导言 一. 导言A. General statement
::A. 一般性发言B. So what
::B. 那又如何C. Working thesis (Glyfada is a reasonably priced vacation spot that offers a variety of shops, beautiful beaches, quality restaurants, and European bars.)
::C. 工作论文(Glyfada是一个价格合理的度假地点,提供各种商店、美丽的海滩、优质餐馆和欧洲酒吧。 )II. Shops
::二、商店A. Souvenirs
::A. 苏韦先期B. Local products
::B. 当地产品III. Beaches/Activities
::三、海滩/活动A. Sand
::A. 沙沙B. Water
::B. 水IV. Restaurants
::四、餐馆A. Cafes
::A. 咖啡厅B. Ethnic food
::B. 族裔食物C. Tavernas
::C. 泰维历V. European bars
::五. 欧洲酒吧A. Greek dancing
::A. 希腊舞蹈B. Meeting place (family/friends)
::B. 会议地点(家庭/朋友)C. Darts
::C. 飞镖VI. Final paragraph
::六. 最后段落A. Restate main points if desired
::A. 如有需要,重述要点B. Concluding/pulling together
::B. 合并结束/合并C. Universal/so what statement
::C. 普遍性/普遍性/什么声明Review Question
Complete the sorting step.
::完成排序步骤 。Step 15: Sorting (Working Outline)
::步骤15:排序(工作大纲)I. Introduction
::一. 导言 一. 导言A. General statement
::A. 一般性发言B. So what?
::B. 那又怎样?C. Working thesis (state it)
::C. 工作论文(陈述)II. First Main Point
::二. 第一要点A. Sub-point
::A. 分点B. Sub-point
::B. 分点III. Second Main Point
::三. 第二要点A. Sub-point
::A. 分点B. Sub-point
::B. 分点IV. Third Main Point
::四. 第三个要点A. Sub-point
::A. 分点B. Sub-point
::B. 分点C. Sub-point
::C. 分点V. Fourth Main Point (if needed)
::五. 第四要点(必要时)A. Sub-point
::A. 分点B. Sub-point
::B. 分点C. Sub-point
::C. 分点VI. Final paragraph
::六. 最后段落A. Restate main points if desired
::A. 如有需要,重述要点B. Concluding/pulling together
::B. 合并结束/合并C. Universal/so what statement
::C. 普遍性/普遍性/什么声明Step 16: Composition
You are now ready to write your composition. In case you have not figured it out, your essay is already planned out. You now have a clear, succinct, focused roadmap to follow.
::您现在可以写出您的作品了。 如果您还没有弄明白, 您的论文已经计划好了。 您现在有一份清晰、 简洁、 重点突出的路线图要遵循 。Follow these rules when you write your essay.
::你写作时遵守这些规矩-
Keep your main points from your basic thesis in the same order in your paper. Think of it as a contract with your reader. You promised a specific order. In the Glyfada example, the basic thesis at the end of the introductory paragraph has the main points shops, beaches, restaurants, and European bars. In the body of the paper, you would not start with beaches or restaurants as your first main point.
::将您的基本论文中的要点保留在纸面上的同一顺序。 把它视为与读者的合同。 您承诺过一个具体的订单。 在Glyfada的例子中, 引言段落结尾的基本论文有主点商店、 海滩、 餐馆和欧洲酒吧。 在纸面上, 您不会以海滩或餐馆作为首个要点。 -
Do not change the main point “key word” the first time you use it in the body of the paper. Keep it the same as it was in the basic thesis. If you use the word “warehouse” in the basic working thesis, do not switch to “discount stores” when you introduce that main point. You may use a similar term within the paragraph, but not in the first sentence.
::在纸张正文中第一次使用主点“关键词”时,不要更改主点“关键词”。保持与基本论文中的相同。如果在基本工作论文中使用“软件”一词,则在引入该主点时不要切换到“折扣商店”。您可以在段落中使用类似术语,但在第一句中则不使用。 -
In the body of the essay (not the introduction or conclusion), you must have this formula at the beginning of paragraphs: transition + main point + sub-point.
::在文章的正文(不是导言或结论)中,必须在段落开头处有这个公式:过渡+主要点+分点+分点。 -
You need glue to hold parts together. Glue creates coherence, or clarity, in your essay. You create coherence (glue) in three ways:
-
Using a transition word. See the sheet of transitions at the end of this chapter.
::使用过渡词。见本章结尾处的过渡表。 -
Repeating the previous main point or sub-point.
::重复上一个主点或分点。 -
Repeating a key word you have been using in the previous paragraph.
::重复上一段中使用的关键词 。
::您需要粘结才能将部件固定在一起。 粘结在您的文章中创建一致性或清晰度。 您在三种方式中创建一致性( 粘结) : 使用过渡词 。 参见本章结尾处的过渡表 。 重复上一个主点或子点 。 重复上一段落中使用的关键词 。 -
Using a transition word. See the sheet of transitions at the end of this chapter.
Before turning in your final draft, go over the essay with a preflight checklist. If the essay can pass this test, it is ready to fly.
::在提交最后草稿之前,请先用飞行前核对表检查一下论文。如果论文能通过这个测试,就可以飞了。-
Underline the basic thesis in the introductory paragraph.
::在导言段落中强调基本论点。 -
Place a wavy line under each transition. Starting with paragraph two, you must have one transition at the beginning of every paragraph. You should have several within the paragraph. See the list of transitions attached to the end of this chapter.
::将一条长线放在每个过渡线下。从第2款开始,每个段落开头必须有一个过渡。段落中应包含多个过渡线。见本章结尾所附的过渡线列表。 -
In the body of the essay (not the introduction or conclusion), circle the main points at beginning of each paragraph. They must be in the same order as they are in your basic thesis. Remember that the first time you use the main point, it must be the same word you used in the basic thesis.
::在文章的正文(不是导言或结论)中,将每个段落开头的要点圆起来。它们必须与您基本论文中的要点相同。请记住,您第一次使用主点时,必须和您在基本论文中使用的词相同。 -
After you have circled the main point at the beginning of a paragraph, place a square around the sub-point at the beginning of that paragraph.
::在您在段落开头的圆圆了主点之后,在段落开头的分点周围放置一个正方形。 -
Some type of summary or conclusion needs to be stated either in a final sentence or a final paragraph. This pulling together of ideas can be done by a variety of methods: restating key words, summarizing major ideas, or making a concluding statement. The important thing is that the beginning is brought full circle to conclude the topic.
::某些类型的摘要或结论需要在最后一句或最后一段中说明,这可以采用各种方法汇集各种想法:重述关键词,总结主要想法,或作结论性发言。重要的是,开始是结束本专题的整圈。
Here is a mock-up of an essay written by one of the young military members writing about Glyfada.
::一位年轻军人写了一篇关于Glyfada的文章,Title of Essay Topic Sentence Example Undefined control sequence \P 1. Introduction. General to specific. Include the “so what?”. Place the working thesis with main points at the end of intro paragraph.[Write the full introduction after you have written the body and conclusion.] Undefined control sequence \P 2. Glue + main point 1 (shops). Begin sub-point (souvenirs) with support.To begin, Glyfada has some of the best shops in Greece. They offer a wide variety of inexpensive souvenirs... [Provide examples.] Undefined control sequence \P 3. Glue + main point 1 (shops) plus sub-point (local products).Besides shops with unique souvenirs, the visitor can find many local products. Undefined control sequence \P 4. Glue + main point 2 (beaches). Begin sub-point (activities for sand).In addition to shops, the beaches in Glyfada are attractive. They offer many activities on sand. Undefined control sequence \P 5. Glue + main point 2 (beaches) plus another sub-point (water sports).Beaches also offer all water sports. Undefined control sequence \P 6. Glue + main point 3 (restaurants) plus sub-point (sidewalk cafes).Third, restaurants in Glyfada boast excellent food, especially in sidewalk cafes. Undefined control sequence \P 7. Glue + main point 3 (restaurants) plus another sub-point (gourmet/ethnic).Also, ethnic restaurants in Glyfada offer excellent choices. Undefined control sequence \P 8. Glue + main point 3 (restaurants) plus sub-point (tavernas).Another restaurant, the taverna, caters to families and friends dining informally. Undefined control sequence \P 9. Glue + main point 4 (European bars). Begin sub-point (Greek dancing).We have discussed the available shops, beaches, and restaurants, but what will be most enticing will be the European bars. They offer a taste of local traditions such as traditional Greek dancing. Undefined control sequence \P 10. Glue + main point 4 (European bars) plus sub-point (meeting place).European bars are also meeting places for friends new and old. Undefined control sequence \P 11. Glue + main point 4 (European bars) plus sub-point (darts).Besides a place for Greek dancing and meeting friends, European bars also offer recreational and competitive dart games. Undefined control sequence \P 12. Final paragraph.Restate key words, summarize major ideas, or make a concluding statement. The final steps are focused on editing and revision.
::最后步骤的重点是编辑和修订。Step 16: Peer Response. Read your essay for content, organization, coherence, and unity. Have a friend read your essay and respond.
::步骤 16 : 同行回应 。 阅读您的文章内容、 组织、 一致性和统一性 。 有一位朋友阅读您的文章并做出回应 。Step 17: Revision 1.
::步骤17:订正1。Step 18: Editing Session. Refine (diction, syntax, spelling, punctuation, etc.). Read your essay aloud to a friend or yourself. Have someone read it to you.
::步骤 18: 编辑会话 。 编辑( 字典、 语法、 拼写、 标点等) 。 向朋友或你自己大声朗读您的文章 。 请有人读给你听 。Step 19: Revision 2.
::步骤19:订正2。Step 20: Final Draft for Grading.
::步骤20:减法最后草案。The Glyfada Method makes you a confident writer. It also helps you avoid the temptation of plagiarizing. You will have a plan to guide you through the writing stages, and you will not use someone’s else’s work.
::Glyfada 方法使你成为一个自信的作家。 这也有助于你避免被骗的诱惑。 你会有一个计划引导你走写作阶段,而你也不会使用别人的工作。Here is an example of a completed Glyfada worksheet. This student wrote about a defining moment in her life.
::以下是一份已完成的 Glyfada 工作表的例子。 这位学生写下了她生命中一个决定性的时刻。Student Worksheet
::学生工作表Step 1: Heuristics
::第1步:超理论mother’s death, divorce, PhD exam,
1 s t degree black belt test, tennis tournament loss
::母亲死亡、离婚、博士考试、一级黑带考试、网球锦标赛损失Step 2: Topic and Focus
::步骤2:专题和重点black belt test/challenge
::黑带测试/挑战Step 3: Target Audience
::步骤3:目标受众anyone interested in trying martial arts; anyone trying to overcome an obstacle
::任何有兴趣尝试武术的人;任何试图克服障碍的人Step 4: So What?
::步骤4:那又怎样?challenge can be met even when we think it’s impossible
::即使我们认为这是不可能的,也能够应付挑战。Step 5: Organization
::第5步:组织logical for persuasion
::逻辑说服逻辑Step 6: Appeal
::步骤6:上诉pathos; appealing to determination and self-esteem
::病理;呼吁决心和自尊Step 7: Development
::步骤7:发展Examples, diagrams, facts, illustrations examples from martial arts class, details of testing, antidotes
::实例、图表、事实、武术类的插图、测试细节、解毒剂Step 8: Probable Topic (educated guess)
::步骤8:可能的主题(教育猜想)Testing for black belt made me grow in character.
::黑带测试让我长大了个性Step 12: Working Thesis : topic + so what? + main points. Testing for black belt + was a defining moment in my life + because I built self-esteem, developed leadership qualities, and gained determination.
::步骤12: 工作论文: 主题 + 所以什么? + 要点 。 黑带 + 测试是我人生中一个决定性的时刻 + 因为我建立了自尊,发展了领导素质,赢得了决心。Step 13: Mapping . Inventory each main point. Each sub-point will be developed into a paragraph.
::步骤13:绘图,每个要点的清单,每个分点将发展成一个段落。Step 14: Sorting (Working Outline)
::步骤14:排序(工作大纲)I. Introduction
::一. 导言A. General statement
::A. 一般性发言B. So what
::B. 那又如何C. Working thesis
::C. 工作论文II. Self-Esteem
::二、自 自我teemA. Success
::A. 成功B. Accomplishments
::B. 成绩III. Leadership
::三. 领导才能A. Decisions
::A. 决定B. Confidence
::B. 信心IV. Determination
::四. 确定A. Attitude
::A. 态度B. Focus
::B. 焦点C. Spirit
::C. 精神V. Final paragraph
::五. 最后段落A. Restate main points if desired
::A. 如有需要,重述要点B. Concluding/pulling together
::B. 合并结束/合并C. Universal/so what statement
::C. 普遍性/普遍性/什么声明Step 16: The Composition
::步骤16:组成Title of Essay Topic Sentence Example of topic sentences Undefined control sequence \P 1. Introduction. General to specific. Include the “so what?”. Place the working thesis with main points at the end of intro paragraph.[Write the full introduction after you have written the body and conclusion.] Undefined control sequence \P 2. Glue + main point 1 (Self-esteem) + sub-point (Success) + with support.First, my self esteem improved when I experienced success during the test. [Provide examples.] Undefined control sequence \P 3. Glue + main point 1 (self-esteem) + sub-point (pride).My self esteem also improved because I took pride in what I accomplished. [Provide examples.] Undefined control sequence \P 4. Glue + main point 2 (leadership) + sub-point (decisions).Besides building self-esteem, I developed stronger leadership skills when I had to make decisions for my group. [Provide examples.] Undefined control sequence \P 5. Glue + main point 2 (leadership) + sub-point (strength).Additionally, I learned to be a leader by staying strong. [Provide examples.] Undefined control sequence \P 6. Glue + main point 3 (determination) + sub-point (attitude).The third thing I learned was to have determination by keeping a positive attitude. [Provide examples.] Undefined control sequence \P 7. Glue + main point 3 (determination) + sub-point (focus).Another way I kept my determination was to keep my focus. [Provide examples.] Undefined control sequence \P 8. Glue + main point 3 (determination) + sub-point (spirit).Furthermore, I stayed determined in spirit. Undefined control sequence \P 9. Final paragraph.Recap main points—what experience meant to you. You can print this template of the Glyfada worksheet and use it anytime you are writing a paper for any of your classes. It works for all subjects and courses.
::您可以打印 Glyfada 工作表的这个模板, 并在您为任何班级写纸时使用。 它适用于所有科目和课程 。Worksheet for The Glyfada Method
::Glyfada 方法的工作表Heuristics: ________________________________________
::经济:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Topic/Focus: ________________________________________
::专题/重点:________________________________________________________________Target Audience: ________________________________________
::目标观众:________________________________________________________________________________________________________So what?: ________________________________________
::那又怎样?Organization: ________________________________________
::组织:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Appeals (Logos, Pathos, Ethos): ____________________________
::上诉(Logos, Pathos, Ethos):_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Development: ________________________________________
::发展:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Probable Topic: _____________________________________
::主题:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Basic Thesis: __________________________________________
::基本理论:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Mapping: Main Points and Sub-Points
::绘图:主要点和分点Sorting (Working Outline):
::排序( 工作大纲) :I. Introduction
::一. 导言 一. 导言A. General statement
::A. 一般性发言B. So what?
::B. 那又怎样?C. Working thesis
::C. 工作论文II. First Main Point
::二. 第一要点A. Sub-point
::A. 分点B. Sub-point
::B. 分点III. Second Main Point
::三. 第二要点A. Sub-point
::A. 分点B. Sub-point
::B. 分点IV. Third Main Point
::四. 第三个要点A. Sub-point
::A. 分点B. Sub-point
::B. 分点C. Sub-point
::C. 分点V. Fourth Main Point (your choice)
::五. 第四要点(你选择)A. Sub-point
::A. 分点B. Sub-point
::B. 分点C. Sub-point
::C. 分点VI. Final paragraph
::六. 最后段落A. Restate main points if desired
::A. 如有需要,重述要点B. Concluding/pulling together
::B. 合并结束/合并C. Universal/so what statement
::C. 普遍性/普遍性/什么声明Transition Words
::过渡单词To Relate Thoughts:
::有关思想:indeed - implicit in that statement
::- 声明确实暗含在其中anyway - from all information
::- 无论如何,来自所有信息anyhow - at best
::- 充其量elsewhere - naturally
::- 自然 -- -- 在别处nearby - in the broader sense
::- 附近 - 广义上above all - to this end
::最重要的是 -- -- 为此目的even these - on balance
::即使是这些,他们也是平衡的,beyond - the heart of the matter
::- 超越问题的核心in other words - in fact
::换言之 -- -- 事实上for instance - as a routine matter
::例如,作为日常事务of course - notwithstanding
::当然 - 尽管in short - nonetheless
::短短----尽管如此in sum - as a general rule
::总金额 -- -- 作为一般规则yet, what accounts for this - understandably
::然而,可以理解的是,这些原因何在?in reality - the reason, of course
::在现实中 - 原因,当然,that is - but there is a sense
:the lesson here is
::这里的教训是To Show Results:
::要显示结果 :therefore - so
::因此 -- -- 如此as a result - consequently
::因此,thus - hence
::- 因此,as - due to
::应付 -- -- 应付应付because - since
::因为... 因为... 因为...because of - accordingly
::相应原因To Add Ideas:
::添加新想法 :first, second, next, last - to all that
::第一,第二,下一个,最后 - 至所有这一切in addition - the answer does not only lie
::此外,答案不仅在于:additionally - also
::补充 - 补充 - 以及moreover - more than anything else
::- 而且胜于一切furthermore - here are some ... facts
::- 此外,还有一些... 事实another - now, of course, there are
::- 当然,现在还有...besides - now, however
::之后,现在,但too
::也一样To Show Time:
::显示时间 :immediately - this year; however
::立即----今年;然而presently - later
::目前 - 以后nearly a . . . later - then
::等会 - 然后meanwhile - last year
::同时 - 去年in the meantime - tomorrow
::同时 -- -- 明天afterward - soon
::之后 - 不久after - during
::之后 - 期间next - eventually
::下一个 - 最终as of today - as of now
::从今天开始 - 从现在开始previously - initially
::先前 - 最初subsequently - lastly
::之后 - 最后一次finally
::最后最后To Compare Ideas:
::比较想法 :like - similar
::类似 - 相似just as - this
::和这个一样in comparison - in contrast
::比较 -- -- 对比likewise - whereas
::同样 - 与Additional Sources
For more information on the three appeals, go to this website:
::有关这三项上诉的更多信息,请访问该网站:For more information on invention in classical rhetoric, go to
::欲了解更多关于古典文字发明的更多信息,请访问
