章节大纲

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  • 细胞器

    Brain cells featuring neuron structures with branching connections.
     

    Do  brain   cells  have the same internal structures as your other cells?
    ::脑细胞的内部结构是否与其他细胞一样?

    Yes. Although brain cells look quite different from your other cells, they have the same internal structures as other cells. They need the same structures because they need to perform the same tasks, such as making  proteins  and obtaining  energy .
    ::是的,虽然脑细胞看起来与其它细胞大不相同,但它们与其他细胞的内部结构相同。它们需要相同的结构,因为它们需要执行同样的任务,例如制造蛋白质和获取能量。

    Organelles
    ::器官

    Eukaryotic cells  have many specific functions, so it can be said that a cell is like a factory. A factory has many machines and people, and each has a specific role. Just like a factory, the cell is made up of many different parts. Each part has a special role. The different parts of the cell are called  organelles , which means "small  organs ." All organelles are found in eukaryotic cells.  Prokaryotic cells  are "simpler" than eukaryotic cells. Though prokaryotic cells still have many functions, they are not as specialized as eukaryotic cells, lacking membrane-bound organelles. Thus, most organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells.
    ::尤卡利细胞有许多特定的功能, 因此可以说, 细胞就像一个工厂。 工厂拥有许多机器和人, 每个都有特定的角色。 就像工厂一样, 细胞由许多不同的部分组成。 每个部分都有特殊的角色。 细胞的不同部分被称为风琴, 意思是“ 小器官 ” 。 所有的有机细胞都存在于如奥卡利细胞中。 普罗卡利细胞比尤卡利细胞更“ 简单 ” 。 尽管 prokary细胞仍然有许多功能, 它们没有像 eukary 细胞那样专业, 缺乏光膜的有机体。 因此, 大部分有机体在 prokary 细胞中找不到 。

    Below are the main organelles found in eukaryotic cells ( Figure ):
    ::以下是在表情细胞(图)中发现的主要器官:

    1. The   of a cell is like a safe containing the factory's trade secrets. The nucleus contains the  genetic material  (DNA), the information needed to build thousands of proteins.
      ::细胞的细胞就像一个保险箱,里面有工厂的行业秘密。核心含有基因材料(DNA),即制造数千种蛋白质所需的信息。
    1. The  mitochondria  are the powerhouses of the cell. Mitochondria are the organelles where cellular energy is produced, providing the energy needed to power  chemical reactions . This process, known as  , produces energy is in the form of  ATP  (adenosine triphosphate). Cells that use a lot of energy may have thousands of mitochondria.
      ::Mitochondria是细胞的动力源。Mitochondria是生产蜂窝能量的有机体,为化学反应提供动力所需的能量。这个过程被称为“生产能量的过程 ” , 其形式是ATP(亚丁酸三磷酸 ) , 使用大量能量的细胞可能拥有成千上万的米托chondria。
    1. Vesicles  are small membrane bound sacs that transport materials around the cell and to the  .
      ::卵囊是小型膜捆绑的囊状囊状物,可以将材料运到细胞周围,然后运到...。
    1. The  vacuoles  are like storage centers. Plant cells have larger vacuoles than  animal  cells. Plants store water and  nutrients  in their large central vacuoles.
      ::植物细胞的蒸发量大于动物细胞,植物将水和养分储存在其大型中央蒸发量中。
    1. Lysosomes  are like the  recycling  trucks that carry waste away from the factory. Lysosomes have digestive  enzymes  that break down old molecules into parts that can be recycled.
      ::流星体就像从工厂运走废物的回收卡车。 流星体有消化酶,将旧分子分解成可以回收的部分。
    1. In both  eukaryotes  and  prokaryotes ,  ribosomes  are the non-membrane bound organelles where proteins are made. Ribosomes are like the machines in the factory that produce the factory's main product. Proteins are the main product of the cell.
      ::在eukaryotes 和 prokaryotes 中, 排卵物是制造蛋白质的非混合物结合的有机物。 Riboomes 和生产工厂主要产品的工厂的机器一样。 蛋白质是细胞的主要产物。
    1. Some ribosomes can be found on folded membranes called the  endoplasmic reticulum  (ER), others float freely in the  cytoplasm . If the ER is covered with ribosomes, it looks bumpy like sandpaper, and is called the  rough endoplasmic reticulum . If the ER does not contain ribosomes, it is smooth and called the  smooth endoplasmic reticulum . Many proteins are made on the ribosomes on the rough ER. These proteins immediately enter the ER, where they are modified, packaged into vesicles and sent to the  Golgi apparatus .  Lipids  are made in the smooth ER.
      ::在折叠的薄膜上可以找到一些血清,叫做内分光线中外润(ER),其他的则在细胞图层中自由漂浮。如果ER被内分泌物所覆盖,它看起来像沙纸一样粘糊糊糊的,被称作粗糙的内分光体。如果ER不包含内分光线,它就很光滑,被称为光滑的内分光线中外观。在粗糙的ER上,许多蛋白质被制成。这些蛋白质立即进入ER,在那里它们被改装,包装成卵囊,并被送到Golgi仪器。利皮是在光滑的ER中制成的。
    1. The  Golgi apparatus  works like a mail room. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the rough ER and puts "shipping addresses" on them. The Golgi then packages the proteins into vesicles and sends them to the right place in the cell or to the cell membrane. Some of these proteins are secreted from the cell (they exit the cell); others are placed into the cell membrane.
      ::Golgi仪器像邮箱一样工作,Golgi仪器从粗糙的ER接收蛋白质,并贴上“寄售地址”。Golgi仪器然后将蛋白质包装到排卵器中,将其送到牢房的正确位置或细胞膜。其中一些蛋白质从细胞中隐匿(它们离开牢房);其他蛋白质则放在细胞膜中。
    A eukaryotic cell showing various organelles and their functions.
     
    Eukaryotic cells contain special compartments surrounded by membranes, called organelles. For example, notice in this image the mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus.

    Also, the  cytoskeleton  gives the cell its shape, and the  flagella  helps the cell to move. Prokaryotic cells may also have flagella.
    ::此外,细胞骨质素给细胞带来它的形状,而旗子则帮助细胞移动。 蛋白质细胞也可能有旗子。

    Summary
     ::摘要

    • The nucleus stores the genetic information.
      ::核心存储基因信息。
    • The vacuoles are needed for storage.
      ::储存需要空投物。
    • The lysosomes recycle waste.
      ::流星体回收废物。
    • The cytoskeleton provides the shape of the cell.
      ::细胞骨质素提供细胞的形状
    • The ribosomes produce proteins.
      ::排卵物产生蛋白质
    • The rough ER is covered with ribosomes and makes proteins, while the smooth ER makes lipids.
      ::粗糙的ER覆盖着脊髓灰质素,产生蛋白质,而光滑的ER则产生脂质。
    • The Golgi apparatus packages proteins.
      ::Golgi仪器包蛋白质

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the following questions.
    ::利用以下资源回答下列问题。

    Explore More I
    ::探索更多

    • Cell Organelles and Their Function  at   (6:25)
      :伤心6:25) 电池机及其功能

     

     

    1. What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum? What gives the rough endoplasmic reticulum its "rough" appearance?
      ::内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核内核外观的“粗”性能是什么?
    1. What are the most abundant organelles in a cell? Where do they occur? What is their function?
      ::牢房里最丰富的器官是什么?它们在哪里出现?它们的作用是什么?
    1. What is the appearance of the Golgi apparatus? What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
      ::Golgi装置的外观是什么?Golgi装置的功能是什么?
    1. What are lysosomes? What are their functions?
      ::什么是性病?他们有什么功能?
    1. What is the function of mitochondria? Do all cells have the same number of mitochondria? How can this situation be explained?
      ::密托乔因德里亚的作用是什么?所有细胞的密托乔因德里亚数量是否都相同?如何解释这种情况?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?
      ::Golgi装置的目的何在?
    1. What is the purpose of the mitochondria?
      ::缩略语的目的何在?
    1. How is the smooth ER different from the rough ER?
      ::光滑的ER和粗糙的ER有什么不同?
    1. What is a lysosome?
      ::什么是令人难忘的?